A nociceptor is an essential element in the human body, alerting us to potential damage from extremes in temperature, pressure, etc. Realizing nociceptive behavior in an electronics device remains a central issue for researchers, designing neuromorphic devices. This study proposes and demonstrates an all‐oxide‐based highly transparent ultraviolet‐triggered artificial nociceptor, which responds in a very similar way to the human eye. The device shows a high transmittance (>65%) and very low absorbance in the visible region. The current–voltage characteristics show loop opening, which is attributed to the charge trapping/detrapping. Further, the ultraviolet‐stimuli‐induced versatile criteria of a nociceptor such as a threshold, relaxation, allodynia, and hyperalgesia are demonstrated under self‐biased condition, providing an energy‐efficient approach for the neuromorphic device operation. The reported optically controlled features open a new avenue for the development of transparent optoelectronic nociceptors, artificial eyes, and memory storage applications.

This study achieved wafer-scale, high quality tin monosulfide (SnS) layers. By using a solid-state reaction, the vertically aligned SnS layers spontaneously grew with sulphur reduction from the sputtered SnS particles without any post processes. The quality of the SnS vertical layers was observed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy, which confirmed an interlayer space of 0.56 nm for a perfect match to the theoretical value. The phase purity of SnS was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. The intrinsic energy band gap value (1.6 eV) of SnS is attractive for photoelectric devices. To form a heterojunction, the vertical SnS layers were grown on a n-type Si substrate. Due to the nanoscale size and vertical standing features of the SnS layers, a significantly low reflection (<5%) was realized for the SnS/n-Si heterojunction device. As a photovoltaic cell, the device provides a higher open circuit voltage (>300 mV). For photodetection, the response speed is faster than 15 μs for near infrared wavelength photons, which is a 1000 times improvement over the horizontally shaped device. The vertically standing SnS layers show high photoreactive performance, which confirms that the functional design of 2D materials is an effective route to achieve enhanced photoelectric devices, such as photodetectors and solar cells.

We report a self-biased and transparent CuO/TiO heterojunction for ultraviolet photodetection. The dynamic photoresponse improved 8.5 × 10% by adding silver nanowires (AgNWs) Schottky contact and maintaining 39% transparency. The current density-voltage characteristics revealed a strong interfacial electric field, responsible for zero-bias operation. In addition, the dynamic photoresponse measurement endorsed the effective holes collection by embedded-AgNWs network, leading to fast rise and fall time of 0.439 and 0.423 ms, respectively. Similarly, a drastic improvement in responsivity and detectivity of 187.5 mAW and of 5.13 × 10 Jones, is observed, respectively. The AgNWs employed as contact electrode can ensure high-performance for transparent and flexible optoelectronic applications.

Botulinum toxin A can be used to contour the aesthetic enlargement of the medial gastrocnemius muscle with slight reduction in volume. Botulinum toxin-induced atrophy of the muscle caused no functional disabilities and the clinical improvement was well maintained for 6 months after the botulinum toxin A injection.

BackgroundThe aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of depression, anxiety, and optimism on postoperative satisfaction and clinical outcomes in patients who underwent less than two-level posterior instrumented fusions for lumbar spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis.MethodsPreoperative psychological status of subjects, such as depression, anxiety, and optimism, was evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R). Clinical evaluation was determined by measuring changes in a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) before and after surgery. Postoperative satisfaction of subjects assessed using the North American Spine Society lumbar spine questionnaire was comparatively analyzed against the preoperative psychological status. The correlation between patient's preoperative psychological status (depression, anxiety, and optimism) and clinical outcomes (VAS and ODI) was evaluated.ResultsVAS and ODI scores significantly decreased after surgery (p < 0.001), suggesting clinically favorable outcomes. Preoperative psychological status of patients (anxiety, depression, and optimism) was not related to the degree of improvement in clinical outcomes (VAS and ODI) after surgery. However, postoperative satisfaction was moderately correlated with optimism.ConclusionsAnxiety and optimism were more correlated with patient satisfaction than clinical outcomes. Accordingly, the surgeon can predict postoperative satisfaction of patients based on careful evaluation of psychological status before surgery.