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Background The effect of brachytherapy on lymphocytes and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment is unclear. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between the invasion of lymphocytes and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment and the interval after single brachytherapy hypofractionated radiotherapy (SBHFRT) and conventional fractionation radiotherapy (CFRT) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Lewis tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into control, CFRT, and SBHFRT groups. On days 7 and 14 after radiation, the expression levels of CD86+, CD4+, CD8+, and Foxp3+ cells, and levels of Ki-67+ protein were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the tumor necrosis rate was calculated. Following this, the levels of interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-12, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The apoptosis rate was evaluated via flow cytometry. The tumor volume and tumor growth inhibition rate (TGIR) were calculated on day 14. Tumor metabolism was assessed via 18F-FDG micropositron emission tomography/computer tomography. Results The tumor volume reduced by 22.0% and TGIR increased by 92.2% (p < 0.05) in the SBHFRT group. Further, on days 7 and 14 after radiation, tumor metabolism, Ki-67+ and Foxp3+ expression levels, and IL-10 levels were lower, and tumor necrosis and apoptosis rates; CD86+, CD4+, and CD8+ expression levels; and IL-12 and IFN-γ levels were higher in the SBHFRT group than in the CFRT group, particularly on day 7. Conclusion SBHFRT could lead to more accumulation of dendritic cells, anti-tumor lymphocytes, and cytokines, and further reduce the aggregation of immunosuppressive lymphocytes and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment compared with CFRT, and the difference was the most obvious on day 7 after radiation. The clinical significance of the findings remains to be further verified.

Background Lymphocytes and cytokines in tumor microenvironment are the key to immunotherapy, The effect of brachytherapy on tumor microenvironment is not clear. The aim of our study was to analyze the relationship between the invasion of lymphocytes and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment and the interval after single brachytherapy hypofractionated radiotherapy (SBHFRT) and conventional fractionation radiotherapy (CFRT) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Lewis tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into control, CFRT and SBHFRT groups. On the days 7 and 14 after radiation, the expression rates of CD4+, CD8+, Foxp3+, and CD86 + cells and levels of Ki-67 + protein were detected by immunohistochemical analysis, and the tumor necrosis rate was calculated. Following this, interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-12, and interferon-γ (INF-γ) levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The apoptosis rate was evaluated via flow cytometry. The tumor volume and tumor growth inhibition rate (TGIR) were calculated on day 14. Tumor metabolism was assessed via micro 18F-FDG positron emission tomography/computer tomography. Results The tumor volume in the SBHFRT group reduced by 22.0% and TGIR increased by 92.2% (P < 0.05). Further, on days 7 and 14 after radiation, tumor metabolism, Ki-67 + and Foxp3 + expression rates, and IL-10 levels were lower and tumor necrosis and apoptosis rates; CD86+, CD4+, and CD8 + expression rates; and IL-12 and INF-γ levels were higher in SBHFRT group than in the CFRT group, particularly on day 7. Conclusion SBHFRT could lead to more accumulation of dendritic cells and anti-tumor lymphocytes and cytokines in the tumor tissue, and further reduce the aggregation of immunosuppressive lymphocytes and cytokines in the tumor tissue compared with CFRT, and the difference was the most obvious was day 7 after radiation. Hypofractionated radiotherapy combined with immunotherapy may be better for treating NSCLC, as observed on day 7 after radiation.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of cetuximab (CTX) or nimotuzumab (NTZ) in combination with chemotherapy for patients with recurrent and/or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (RM-NPC), and for this purpose, a single-group rate meta-analysis was performed. A systematic search of the Cochrane library, Pubmed, EMBASE, Chwina National Knowledge Infrastructure and WanFang databases for studies published until February 15, 2022 was performed. The 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were the primary endpoints. Complete response, partial response, stable disease, objective response rate, disease control rate and grade ≥3 toxicities were considered secondary endpoints. Cochran Q test and I 2 statistics were performed to assess the heterogeneity among studies. A total of nine studies comprising 435 patients were included in the analysis. The pooled 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year OS rates were 81.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 65.0-90.7%], 49.9% (95% CI: 35.3-64.5%), 46.3% (95% CI: 31.4-61.8%) and 31.0% (95% CI: 20.8-43.4%), respectively. The pooled disease control rate and objective response rate were 88.7% (95% CI: 78.4-94.5%) and 55.6% (95% CI: 39.9-70.1%), respectively. In addition, all grade 3–4 adverse events from the included studies were gathered. In conclusion, the use of CTX or NTZ in combination with chemotherapy may be a feasible and safe option for treating RM-NPC.