A universal symplectic structure for a Newtonian system including nonconservative cases can be constructed in the framework of Birkhoffian generalization of Hamiltonian mechanics. In this paper the symplectic geometry structure of Birkhoffian system is discussed, then the symplecticity of Birkhoffian phase flow is presented. Based on these properties we give a way to construct symplectic schemes for Birkhoffian systems by using the generating function method.

In this paper, we propose two new energy/dissipation-preserving Birkhoffian multi-symplectic methods (Birkhoffian and Birkhoffian box) for Maxwell's equations with dissipation terms. After investigating the non-autonomous and autonomous Birkhoffian formalism for Maxwell's equations with dissipation terms, we first apply a novel generating functional theory to the non-autonomous Birkhoffian formalism to propose our Birkhoffian scheme, and then implement a central box method to the autonomous Birkhoffian formalism to derive the Birkhoffian box scheme. We have obtained four formal local conservation laws and three formal energy global conservation laws. We have also proved that both of our derived schemes preserve the discrete version of the global/local conservation laws. Furthermore, the stability, dissipation and dispersion relations are also investigated for the schemes. Theoretical analysis shows that the schemes are unconditionally stable, dissipation-preserving for Maxwell's equations in a perfectly matched layer (PML) medium and have second order accuracy in both time and space. Numerical experiments for problems with exact theoretical results are given to demonstrate that the Birkhoffian multi-symplectic schemes are much more accurate in preserving energy than both the exponential finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and traditional Hamiltonian scheme. We also solve the electromagnetic pulse (EMP) propagation problem and the numerical results show that the Birkhoffian scheme recovers the magnitude of the current source and reaction history very well even after long time propagation.

The multi-symplectic form for Hamiltonian PDEs leads to a general framework for geometric numerical schemes that preserve a discrete version of the conservation of symplecticity. The cases for systems or PDEs with dissipation terms has never been extended. In this paper, we suggest a new extension for generalizing the multi-symplectic form for Hamiltonian systems to systems with dissipation which never have remarkable energy and momentum conservation properties. The central idea is that the PDEs is of a first-order type that has a symplectic structure depended explicitly on time variable, and decomposed into distinct components representing space and time directions. This suggest a natural definition of multi-symplectic Birkhoff's equation as a multi-symplectic structure from that a multi-symplectic dissipation law is constructed. We show that this definition leads to deeper understanding relationship between functional principle and PDEs. The concept of multi-symplectic integrator is also discussed.

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