Modern sugarcanes are polyploid interspecific hybrids, combining high sugar content from Saccharum officinarum with hardiness, disease resistance and ratooning of Saccharum spontaneum. Sequencing of a haploid S. spontaneum, AP85-441, facilitated the assembly of 32 pseudo-chromosomes comprising 8 homologous groups of 4 members each, bearing 35,525 genes with alleles defined. The reduction of basic chromosome number from 10 to 8 in S. spontaneum was caused by fissions of 2 ancestral chromosomes followed by translocations to 4 chromosomes. Surprisingly, 80% of nucleotide binding site-encoding genes associated with disease resistance are located in 4 rearranged chromosomes and 51% of those in rearranged regions. Resequencing of 64 S. spontaneum genomes identified balancing selection in rearranged regions, maintaining their diversity. Introgressed S. spontaneum chromosomes in modern sugarcanes are randomly distributed in AP85-441 genome, indicating random recombination among homologs in different S. spontaneum accessions. The allele-defined Saccharum genome offers new knowledge and resources to accelerate sugarcane improvement.

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A novel approach named active-disturbance-rejection-control (ADRC) and fractional-order-proportional-integralderivative (FOPID) hybrid control scheme is proposed for hydroturbine speed governor system, which is based on ADRC and FOPID control methods. By combining the advantages of ADRC and FOPID controllers, the proposed ADRC-FOPID hybrid control scheme can actively reject the unpredictable disturbance, even with random noises, and can be adapted to the nonlinearities as well as unknown dynamics of hydroturbine speed governor system. The control performances of ADRC-FOPID, ADRC, FOPID as well as conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers have been compared. And ADRC-FOPID has been proved to be an effective control scheme for hydroturbine speed governor system.