The thin-film (nano)composite (TFC or TFN) polyamide membrane prepared by interfacial polymerization method has a wide range of applications in water treatment. The preparation of TFC or TFN membrane with a highly wrinkled morphology in the selective layer can significantly improve the permeability of the membrane and is an effective way to break the "trade-off" effect. However, the formation mechanism of highly rough skin layer and the membrane fouling performance associated with the rough structure have been underexplored.

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