The electron-withdrawing groups were selectively introduced onto the edge of g-C 3 N 4 nanosheets. The edge functionalization not only induces an upward bending that improves the adsorption of oxygen molecules but also promotes the separation of photo-generated electron-hole pairs. By using these nanosheets as the photocatalyst for water disinfection, Dan Wang and colleauges achieved a record-high efficiency toward the photo-disinfection of Escherichia coli under visible-light irradiation among all metal-free catalysts.

In recent years, stimulating the host immune system to create a promising antitumor immune therapy has been demonstrated to control metastatic tumor growth. [1] Research enthusiasm has been fueled by recent clinical successes in which antibodies were used to block immune inhibitory pathways, specifically the axis between programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and its ligand 1 (PD-L1). [2] However, therapeutic antibodies exhibit several disadvantages, such as limited tissue and tumor penetration, very long half-life time, immunogenicity, and costly production. Moreover, the current PD-1/PD-L1 axis-directed monoclonal antibodies lead to a tumor response only in a fraction of cases and tumor types. [3] Therefore, the application of alternative, nonantibody-based agents to inhibit PD-1/ PD-L1 axis is currently a new goal within the field. [4] The development of organic smallmole cule inhibitors is expected to introduce a number of advantages in the field of PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint Targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) immunologic checkpoint blockade with monoclonal antibodies has achieved recent clinical success in antitumor therapy. However, therapeutic antibodies exhibit several issues such as limited tumor penetration, immunogenicity, and costly production. Here, Bristol-Myers Squibb nanoparticles (NPs) are prepared using a reprecipitation method. The NPs have advantages including passive targeting, hydrophilic and nontoxic features, and a 100% drug loading rate. BMS-202 is a small-molecule inhibitor of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction that is developed by BMS. Transfer of BMS-202 NPs to 4T1 tumor-bearing mice results in markedly slower tumor growth to the same degree as treatment with anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody (α-PD-L1). Consistently, the combination of Ce6 NPs with BMS-202 NPs or α-PD-L1 in parallel shows more efficacious antitumor and antimetastatic effects, accompanied by enhanced dendritic cell maturation and infiltration of antigen-specific T cells into the tumors. Thus, inhibition rates of primary and distant tumors reach >90%. In addition, BMS-202 NPs are able to attack spreading metastatic lung tumors and offer immune-memory protection to prevent tumor relapse. These results indicate that BMS-202 NPs possess effects similar to α-PD-L1 in the therapies of 4T1 tumors. Therefore, this work reveals the possibility of replacing the antibody used in immunotherapy for tumors with BMS-202 NPs.The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article can be found under https://doi.

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An effective strategy of engineering side chains is proposed for enhancing solar-cell-device thermal stability. As the conjugated length of the side chains increases, the morphological stability of the blend film is enhanced. The thermal stability of corresponding devices is consequently improved.