Great progress made by heteroepitaxial growth technology encourages rapid development of III-nitride heteroepitaxial structures and their applications in extensive fields. Particularly, innate bandgap tunability of III-nitride materials renders them attractive for white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) that are considered as next-generation solid-state lighting sources. However, commercial phosphor-converted WLEDs suffer from poor color rendering index (CRI) and intense blue component, hard to fulfill demanding requirements simultaneously for energy efficiency and healthy lighting. Here, an efficient full-spectrum WLED excited by monolithically integrated III-nitride quantum structure is reported, in which trichromatic InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells are constructed by bandgap engineering heteroepitaxy growth allowing flexible regulation of indium composition and quantum barrier thickness to manipulate carrier transport behavior. Furthermore, relationship between structural parameters and emission characteristics as well as their impact on white light performance is systematically demonstrated. Combined with commonly used green-red phosphor mixture, the fabricated full-spectrum warm/cold WLEDs can emit broadband and continuous spectra with low-ratio blue component, first exhibiting superior CRI (> 97/98), color fidelity (97/97), saturation (100/99), and luminous efficacy (>120/140 lm W −1 ). This work demonstrates the advantages of bandgap-engineered quantum structure applied in excitation source, and opens up new avenues for the exploration of high-quality solid-state lighting.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant types of cancer, with a high mortality rate. Sorafenib is the sole approved oral clinical therapy against advanced HCC. However, individual patients exhibit varying responses to sorafenib and the development of sorafenib resistance has been a new challenge for its clinical efficacy. The current study identified gene biomarkers and key pathways in sorafenib-resistant HCC using bioinformatics analysis. Gene dataset GSE73571 was obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, including four sorafenib-acquired resistant and three sorafenib-sensitive HCC phenotypes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using the web tool GEO2R. Functional and pathway enrichment of DEGs were analyzed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins and Cytoscape. A total of 1,319 DEGs were selected, which included 593 upregulated and 726 downregulated genes. Functional and pathway enrichment analysis revealed DEGs enriched in negative regulation of endopeptidase activity, cholesterol homeostasis, DNA replication and repair, coagulation cascades, insulin resistance, RNA transport, cell cycle and others. Eight hub genes, including kininogen 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, apolipoprotein C3, alpha 2-HS glycoprotein, erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2, secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich, vitronectin and vimentin were identified from the PPI network. In conclusion, the present study identified DEGs and key genes in sorafenib-resistant HCC, which further the knowledge of potential mechanisms in the development of sorafenib resistance and may provide potential targets for early diagnosis and new treatments for sorafenib-resistant HCC.

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Formal Concept Analysis of real set formal contexts is a generalization of classical formal contexts. By dividing the attributes into condition attributes and decision attributes, the notion of real decision formal contexts is introduced. Based on an implication mapping, problems of rule acquisition and attribute reduction of real decision formal contexts are examined. The extraction of ''if-then'' rules from the real decision formal contexts, and the approach to attribute reduction of the real decision formal contexts are discussed. By the proposed approach, attributes which are non-essential to the maximal s rules or l rules (to be defined later in the text) can be removed. Furthermore, discernibility matrices and discernibility functions for computing the attribute reducts of the real decision formal contexts are constructed to determine all attribute reducts of the real set formal contexts without affecting the results of the acquired maximal s rules or l rules.