Current understanding of Cuban ichneumonids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) is analysed. A new Subfamily (Tersilochinae) including 13 genera and two species are first reports for Cuba. In contrast with Braconidae, the sister group, the ichneumonids are poorly known because of the lack of local taxonomists and bacause nets, rather than interception, light and yellow pan traps have been used. Using Ophioninae as a reference, and comparing the percentage of ophionines in the fauna of Costa Rican ichneumonids, the ratio of species of Costa Rican to Cuban Ophioninae and the increase in the number of described Cuban ophionines, we suggest that actual Cuban biodiversity in this group may be between 400 and 600 species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 54 (3): 821-827. Epub 2006 Sept. 29.
We revise the Cuban species of Eiphosoma Cresson (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Cremastinae). Three new species are described: E. bioeco sp. nov., E. dearmasi sp. nov. and E. nelitae sp. nov. All species are assigned to species-groups as defined by Gauld (2000) for the Mesoamerican fauna, and a key to Cuban species is provided. A preliminary analysis of the distribution and faunal similarity for species within the Cuban archipelago is discussed; the Cuban fauna is compared to that of the Caribbean Islands, Florida (USA) and Costa Rica.
RESUMEN El girasol es una planta anual, poco exigente de fertilizantes, de crecimiento rápido y extraordinaria resistencia a la sequía. Su principal plaga en gran parte de América es Homoeosoma electellum. Todos los daños ocasionados por esta plaga son producidos por su estado larvario, que solo permanece expuesto en la superficie de los capítulos por un corto período. El resto del ciclo larval se desarrolla protegido dentro de los aquenios o en el interior de los tejidos de tallos y capítulos, lo que hace el combate de esta especie extremadamente difícil. Se realizaron experimentos de campo evaluando varios cultivares de girasol, con el objetivo de establecer el momento ideal para realizar tratamientos contra Homoeosoma electellum. Se registró el momento de ocurrencia de los fenoestados de desarrollo críticos a partir de la emergencia. Estos momentos se asociaron a una escala de tiempo cronológico expresada en días y una escala de tiempo termal expresada en grados Celsius día de temperatura efectiva. Esto permite generalizar los resultados a regiones diversas de siembra. Se estableció que las aplicaciones de agentes de control deben hacerse durante el intervalo demarcado por 1.278 y 1.581 grados Celsius día. A partir de estos resultados es posible estimar los momentos críticos de infestación por Homoeosoma electellum para diferentes cultivares de girasol, con solo conocer cuándo ocurre su madurez fisiológica. De modo general el intervalo crítico para el combate de Homoeosoma electellum podría estimarse para cualquier cultivar de girasol a partir del 65% hasta el 84% de la duración del ciclo, desde la brotación hasta alcanzar la madurez fisiológica. Los momentos fenológicos de la interacción girasol-Homoeosoma electellum establecidos permiten diseñar estrategias de combate efectivas y ecológicamente sostenibles. Palabras clave: Helianthus annuus, polilla del girasol, protección de plantas, control de plagas, tiempo termal ABSTRACT Sunflower is an annual plant, not very demanding of fertilizers, fast growing and extraordinary resistance to drought. Its main pest in much of America is Homoeosoma electellum. This pest causes damage only during the larval stage. Larvae exposition on the surface of capitula is a quite short period. The rest of the larval cycle develops protected within the seeds, stems and capitula tissues. Hence control this species is extremely difficult. Field experiments on several sunflower cultivars were completed in order to establish a perfect timing to control Homoeosoma electellum. The time of occurrence of crucial phenological stages were registered from budding. These moments were adjusted to a thermal time scale expressed in Celsius degree day of effective temperature. This model allows applying the inferences to different harvest regions. Control agents applications must be carried out during the interval from 1,278 to 1,581 Celsius degree day. On this model might be possible to estimate the critic moments of Homoeosoma electellum infestation for others sunflower cultivars just knowing t...
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