Pollen had a wide range of effects on honey bee. Caged honey bee workers were used to determine the nutritional effects of four main types of pollen collected by honey bee colonies from the study area on the food consumption rates, the development of the hypopharyngeal gland (HPG) acini and acid gland (AG) sacs in honey bee workers. Additionally, chemical analysis of the selected pollen types was performed. Pollen diets were as follows: broad bean pollen, date palm pollen, clover pollen, maize pollen and mixture of the for mentioned types beside the control pollen diet. The highest mean consumption was observed between 4th and 6th of day aged bees in all diets (23.05 mg./bee/3days). The highest quantity of food consumption was recorded in the 18th day when the workers were fed on date palm pollen (75.42 mg), while the lowest recorded 59.17 mg from maize pollen treatment. The highest mean acinal surface area of HPG was 0.0451mm2, which measured at 9 days-old of bees in all diets. While the workers fed on mixture pollen diet had the highest significant mean recorded the acinal surface area of HPG 0.0450mm2 comparing of 0.0223mm2 in control. The considering increment in average volume of acid gland sac with had been obtained at 18 days-old (0.7276mm3) that resembles the highest significant degree, the greatest mean volume of AG sacs was observed when bees were fed on broad bean pollen (0.6419mm3), while the lowest mean was 0.3643mm3 in control.

In this study, the phytochemical analysis was performed for four major types of pollen namely broad bean (Vicia faba), date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), Egyption clover (Trifolium alexandrinum) and maize (Zea mays) which were collected by honey bee colonies from the study area. Phytochemical analysis showed that clover pollen occupied the highest total antioxidant capacity (TAC), flavonoid and tannins 6480.67, 7155.63 and 752.21 mg/100gm, respectively, comparead with the other pollen types, while the highest percentage of phenol was found in date palm pollens 734.13 mg/100gm. To determine the nutritional effects on some criteria such as food consumption rate, brood rearing, bee population, stored pollen and longevity of honey bee four types of pollen were supplied to honey bee colonies. Fifth group was fed on mixture from all pollen types at a rate of 25% of each type, whereas the sixth group was free from pollen and used as control. The highest food consumption was from date palm pollen, followed by broad bean, clover and maize. Concerning brood rearing and stored pollen, the highest mean of sealed brood area and stored pollen was found in colonies fed on mixture pollen, while the control had the lowest values. Feeding honey bee colonies on mixed pollen diet, broad bean and clover pollen gave the highest rate of population, with no significant differences (p<0.05).Supplying cage bees with different types of pollen had significant (p<0.05) differences on longevity. The bees that were fed on the mixture pollen lived for the longest possible period 30.63 days, followed by clover, broad bean, date palm and maize pollens (29.47, 26.22, 25.20 and 23.63 days, respectively). Also, it was noticed that feeding caged bees on sugar syrup only (control) shortened the longevity of honey bee workers (19.3 days only). This effect on longevity may be due to the phytochemical compounds that pollen contains, such as total antioxidants, including phenols, flavonoids, and tannins.

There were few attempts about the requirements of honeybee to vitamins. Our results highlighted the effectiveness of Phenoloxidase (PO) and Antioxidant (AO) activity in honeybee workers and vitamin types added with sugar solution as early and vitamins important indicators. There was a clear improvement in the antioxidant system in bee colonies that were provided with sugary feeding with vitamins mixture compared to other vitamins individually (A, B, C and E) and control ones. This suggests that honeybee workers need artificial feeding with mixed vitamins during winter season possess mechanisms that reduce their oxidative stress. Results suggest that vitamins in winter feeding for 14 weeks (from 1 December to 14 March) has the potential to improve colony development and health during overwintering, a period of high colony losses. The results showed that vitamins diet increased bee activity and colony health escpicially in the dearth period, which reduce varroa infection and caused the absence of European foulbrood compared to the control.

This research was an attempt to find an easy method for beekeeper to predict honey production in the season. Honeybee colonies and empty hives were weighted during the flowering period of anise and Egyptian clover, which considered as main honey crops in Minia region, Egypt Governorate during 2019 and 2020 seasons. Results showed as increase in colony weights during anise flowering period with 12 days interval from 10.500 to 14.014kg in 2019 and from 10.300 to 13.790 kg in 2020. Honey production reached 2.861 kg and 2.944 kg in 2019 and 2020 per colony, respectively. The same results were recorded in the flowering periods of Egyptian clover but the increases of colonies weight were higher in the two seasons. The Egypt clover honey reached 5.199 kg /colony at the end of the flowering seasons of 2019 and 2020 where colony weight increased from 11.375 to 15.048kg in 2019 and from 11.217 to 14.648 kg in 2020 per colony.

The main objective of this research is to recognize the rodent species prevailing under Minia region, Egypt conditions. The current study revealed the presence of three main species of rodents living in two animal farms (Salah El-Deen village and El-Minia district), El-Minia Governorate. These species of rodent were: Rattus rattus frugivorous; Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus. The ectoparasites associated with these rodents were: two insects i.e., the louse, Polyplax spinulosa; the Flea, Pullex irritans as well as six mite species i.e., Ornithonyssus bacoti; Glycyphagus sp.; Myobia murismusculi; Dermanssus gallinae; Liponyssoides sanguineus and Cheyletiella parasitivorax. The mite species, O. bacoti; Glycyphagus sp. and C. parasitovorax were recorded on the bodies of R. r. frugivorous and R. norvegicus, but these species of mites were recorded from the body of the house mouse, M. musculus. The two mite species M. murismusculi and D. gallinae were recorded in association with the three surveyed rodent species. The fleas were more common with R. r. frugivorous and M. musculus, but completely disappeared with R. norvegicus. The louse, P. spinulosa was recorded on R. r. frugivorous and M. musculus and completely missed on R. norvegicus. In Shosha animal farm (Samalote district), only two rodent species were recorded (R. r. frugivorus and R. norvegicus), and the mite species accompanied with both rodent species were O. bacoti; Glycyphagus sp.; M. murismusculi and C. parasitivorax. While the lice, P. spinulosa were found only on the body of R. r. frugivorous and completely disappeared on R. norvegicus.