Developing countries are facing dilemmas such as un-sustainability, and poverty, (especially rural poverty). Poor people are often seen as compelled to exploit their surrounding for short-term survival and are assumed to be the ones most exposed to natural resources degradation. In order that at the first; we review the extensive theoretical literature on social capital, poverty and sustainability and demonstrate the nuanced treatment these concepts have received in this literature. Problem Statement: Current research and observations indicate that (these dilemmas) un-sustainability and rural poverty are linked. The only feasible way out of current crisis is to integrate resources. The linkage among environment/agriculture, poverty and social capital are complex and in many cases, poorly understood. The developing countries have been criticized for their inability to reduce poverty and contribute to sustainable agricultural development. Approach: there is a need for improving of social capital to integrate environment and people to alleviate poverty and receive to sustainable development. Social capital has come to be defined in a variety of ways, all of which have been linked to collective norms, values and relationships reflecting the involvement of human individuals in a common life based on family and community. Results: This study argue that social capital as a concept has over the last decade or more been gaining significance in relation to a number of linked fields of analyses, including the identification of factors influencing educational attainment, explanations of differing levels of participation, rural development and poverty alleviation. Conclusions/Recommendations: social capital enhancement appears to have direct links with farmer education in that community development is generally defined as a social learning process which serves to empower people and to involve them as citizens in collective activities aimed at socio- economic development, poverty alleviation and sustainable development. At the last, base on World Bank experience we offer these strategies such as promoting opportunity; facilitating empowerment and enhancing security to reduce poverty and to achieve sustainable development

Problem statement: Public extension performance in many developing countries including Iran is not up to the expectation of farming community. Further, in recent years, many governments are very reluctant to shoulder huge financial investment for public extension. Hence, extension specialists and policy makers propose privatization of extension services in developing countries. Approach: Considering existing agricultural extension scenario, a study designed to determine the level of farmer Willingness To Pay (WTP) for Wheat Consulting Engineers Project (WCEsP) (as a private extension services) in Esfahan province, Iran, during 2007. Questionnaires used to assess the amount which farmers were willing to pay and WCEs that were received incomes of farmers. Primary data on the demographic, socio-economic variables of farmers and their WTP collected from 100 farmers and 95 wheat consultant engineers selected randomly in a sampling procedure in the Esfahan, Iran. Data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The data summarized using frequency distribution. Results: Results of the analysis showed that (75%) of farmers no present for paying also (55 %) said that in the future no ability to pay. Also (63%) of WCEs did not receive any money from farmers. The result of farmers showed that were membership of WCEsP only extension volunteers had a more tendency for paying. In addition to WCEs that have played more roles in contracts, in way of getting money related to cost have acted successfully. Conclusions/Recommendations: The study concluded that there is a challenge to extension experts to make programs participatory and farmers relevant if farmers to be charged with the responsibility of participating in financing agricultural extension services

This article describes improvement mechanisms of Wheat Consultant Engineers (WCEs) project or Wheat Advisory Services (WAS) In Iran. A survey study was applied as a methodology of research work. Data were collected using structured questionnaires that addressed to evaluating extension expert and WCEs responses regarding to WCEs project improvement mechanisms. The result shown that the project was faced with many challenges such as land structure, logistic, coordination, strategic and etc. that policymakers and extension providers should be solving them until wheat consultant engineers can more better providing farmer information needs. The improvement mechanisms that would have been solved these challenges involved; Logistic, Communication, Performance, Project development and Communication mechanism improvements from view point wheat consultant engineers, also mechanism improvements such as Motivation, Selection, Participation, Logistic and Performance from view point extension experts has been selected