Cladosporium parasphaerospermum, Cladosporium chlamydosporigenum, and Cladosporium compactisporum have all been discovered and characterized as new Cladosporium species. The three new species seemed to generate cold-active pectinases with high activity at pH 6.0 and 10 °C, pH 6.0 and 15 °C, and pH 5.0 and 15 °C, respectively, with the most active being C. parasphaerospermum pectinase. In submerged fermentation (SmF), C. parasphaerospermum produced the most cold-active pectinase with the highest activity and specific activity (28.84 U/mL and 3797 U/mg) after 8 days. C. parasphaerospermum cold-active pectinase was isolated using DEAE-Cellulose anion exchange resin and a Sephadex G 100 gel filtration column. The enzyme was purified 214.4-fold and 406.4-fold greater than the fermentation medium using DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G 100, respectively. At pH 7.0 and 10 °C, pure pectinase had the highest activity (6684 U/mg), with Km and Vmax determined to be 26.625 mg/mL and 312.5 U/min, respectively. At 5 mM/mL, EDTA, MgCl2, and SDS inhibited the activity of pure pectinase by 99.21, 96.03, and 94.45%, respectively. The addition of 10 U/mL pure pectinase enhanced the yield of apple, orange, apricot, and peach juice by 17, 20, 13, and 24%, respectively, and improved the clarity and colour of orange juice by 194 and 339%, respectively. We can now add cold-active pectinase production to the long list of Cladosporium species that have been identified. We also report three new species that can be used in biotechnological solutions as active microbial pectinase producers. Although further research is needed, these distinct species might be used to decompose difficult and resistant pertinacious wastes as well as clear fruit juices.

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The present study was aimed to maximize the production of natural pigments from Monascus ruber Went AUMC 5705 by solid state fermentation of broken rice to be a safe and healthy substitute of the harmful chemical dyes in the coloring of some flavored dairy products. Maximum pigments productivity was achieved under the following conditions: initial substrate moisture content 39%, substrate particle size 2-2.5 mm, PH 6.5, inoculums size 126×104 spores per 10 g dried rice and incubation period of 15 days at 30°C. The favorable nitrogen source was monosodium glutamate at 2% concentration. The obtained pigments mixture was extracted with 95% ethanol and further separated into red, orange and yellow water soluble pigments. These pigments were applied as coloring agents of flavored yoghurt and milk beverages. On the sensory evaluation, application of these natural colorants in a preparation of flavored dairy products was found to be highly acceptable.

This work was established for using potato chips manufacturing wastes as a substrate for the production of food colorant pigments by Monascus ruber Went AUMC 5705, then it was utilized individually for coloring some food products (drops sweets). The effects of different environmental and nutritional factors were studied in solid state fermentation (SSF). The maximum concentrations of red, orange, and yellow pigments produced by M. ruber were 147.3, 179.6 and 221.7 U/g of dry fermented materials, respectively. The optimum conditions for pigments production were determined to be 50%, 6.5, 3 % and 15 days, for the initial moisture content, pH, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , and incubation period, respectively. Moreover, the optimum inoculum size, particle size of potato chips and fermentation temperature, were determined to be 81×10 4 spores/10g dry substrate, 1.5 mm and 30 °C under dark condition, respectively. Then, the pigments mixture was separated into red, orange and yellow water insoluble pigments that used as coloring agents of drops sweets flavoured with fruits odours. This study revealed that potato chips wastes are an innovative raw material for pigments production by M. ruber in SSF.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the stability of red, orange and yellow pigments produced from Monascus ruber Went AUMC5705 under the conditions of both solid state fermentation (SSF) and liquid state fermentation (LSF). Pigments extract of both fermentation techniques were exposed to different processing and storage conditions commonly employed in the production of dairy and food products such as thermal treatments (sterilization, pasteurization and hot air oven), different pH s (pH 4, 7 and10), light exposure (sunlight, fluorescent light and UV light). Storage temperatures (25,4 and -18°C) and the presence of organic acids (ascorbic, citric and lactic acids). In addition, SSF extract was analyzed by HPLC /MS to identify the main components of red, orange and yellow pigments. The results indicated that red, orange and yellow pigments were quite stable when exposed to sterilization, pasteurization, fluorescent light and UV light, refrigeration and freezing storage. It also exhibited high stability in the presence of organic acids and at all the tested pH values, but showed lower stability when subjected to hot air oven (105°C /15 min) sun light and room temperature storage. Pigments derivatives produced by SSF exhibited greater stability when compared with that produced by LSF. These data indicated that M. ruber´s pigment produced by SSF has potential to be applied as bio-colorants to all processed dairy and food products.