Introduction:The choroid is a thin brownish membrane composed of blood vessels, melanocytes and connective tissue. It is main function is to supply the outer layer of the retina with blood and nutrients. Silicone oil (SiO) is a widely used intravitreal tamponade in the repair of retinal detachment (RD) when long-term tamponade is needed. With the advancement of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), in vivo images of the choroid with sufficient contrast and resolution are now available for measuring choroid thickness (CT) and visualizing choroid microstructures. Aim of the work: To assess subfoveal choroidal thickness changes following pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil endotamponade for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment 3 months after pars plana vitrectomy and 1 month after silicon removal. Patients and methods: In our study we will include 25 patients who underwent Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) and Silicon oil endotamponade injection and subsequent Silicon removal for rhegmatogenous RD in our Retina clinic. we measure SFCT 3 months after PPV and silicon injection and one month after silicon removal using optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Results: mean SFCT values of the RRD operated eyes were 270.6 ± 7.3 um 3 months after PPV and 252.2 ± 11.3 um 1 month after SiO removal. When the mean values were compared, the decrease in SFCT was statistically significant (p = <0.0001, ANOVA). Conclusion: SFCT seems to decrease after the removal of the SiO which indicates that choroidal parameters should be taken into account during or after surgery for rhegmatogenous RD.

Background: Cirrhosis is a dynamic process starts after sustained inflammation, followed by necrosis of liver cells and fibrosis that occur as a normal wound healing response then nodular formation that eventually lead to hepatic dysfunction. Aim and objectives: Study the effect of hepatic cirrhosis  on cerebral cortex and subcortical pathways using VEP, and Comparison between different VEP check sizes in detection of early encephalopathy among cirrhotics. Subjects and methods: This was a case/control  study carried out on  45 cirrhotic patients, and 45 matched normal controls. All subjects underwent full opthalmological assesment prio to the conduction of the PVEP, after the approval of the ethical committee. Results: the studied cases had significantly  more delayed latency and lower amplitude than the studied controls on both sides at both 1 degree and 15 minutes check sizes (P-value<0.05), however 13 patiebts were detected by the 15 min check size to be abnormal on he contrary of the 1 degree chech size that detected changes only in 6 patients. Conclusion: Vep 15 min is more sensitive in detecting early changes in cirrhotic patients. denoting that most of the hepatic encephalopathy changes are affecting the central visual field.

Background: Posterior capsular opacification (PCO), also called 'secondary' or 'after' cataract, develops a few months to a few years over the clear posterior capsule after an uncomplicated cataract surgery that causes decreased vision. Purpose: To evaluate the impact of Neodymiumdoped Yttrium Aluminum-Garnet (Nd: YAG) laser capsulotomy on the central macular thickness (CMT) by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with opacified posterior capsule. Patients and Methods:This is a prospective clinical study conducted on 30 pseudophakic patients recruited from Luxor International Hospital and Beni-Suef University Hospital during the period from December 2018 through August 2019. Their age ranged from 40 -70 years with a mean ± SD of 56.0 ± 8.89 years. There were 19 females (63.3%) and 11 males (36.7%). Results: There was highly statistically significant increase in CMT 1 week post YAGYAG laser than pre-YAGYAG with a mean thickness of 253.80 ± 14.03 µ vs 241.53 ± 10.22 µ respectively with a P-value < 0.001. Four weeks post YAGYAG,, CMT decreased to 247.27 ± 12.54 µ (P= 0.186) which is non significant. At 12 weeks post YAGYAG CMT decreased to 243.27 ± 12.69 .with p-value < 0.001 which is highly statistically significant. Conclusion: Increased CMT was reported as complication of YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. Although this is not clinically observed but follow up with OCT revealed these changes. However, this might not necessitate regular prophylactic treatment.