No abstract

Detecting humidity have been remained a continuing concern within some important areas such as structural health, food processing, industrial as well as agricultural products. In this study, a novel humidity optical sensor is introduced based on the thermionic emission of tungsten filament using the fluorescent lamp set-up. Estimated blue compliant using a charged coupling device camera in optical image of the tungsten filament was confirmed as an appropriate detection system for relative humidity (RH) sensing. The fabricated optical sensor has wide linear range (2.0–98% RH), improved detection limit (< 5.0% RH), acceptable saturated limit (> 99.0% RH), improved percentage of relative standard deviation (4.18%, n = 2), adequate hysteresis (< 4.0% RH) and a shorter rise time (< 5.0 s), respectively. The mechanism behind this detection system is based on the interaction between H2O and tungsten filament during formation of W$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$$ O 3 .x $${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$$ H 2 O (x = 1–2) in terms of some spectroscopic obtained evidences as well as Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction spectrometries.

Detecting humidity is a continuing concern within important area such as structural health, food processing, industrial as well agricultural products. In this study, a novel humidity optical sensor is introduced based on the thermionic emission of tungsten filament of a fluorescent lamp. Estimated blue compliant using a charged coupling device camera (CCD) in optical image of the tungsten filament is considered as appropriate detection system for relative humidity (RH) sensing. . The fabricated optical sensor has acceptable linear range (2.0- 98 % RH), improved detection limit (<5.0 % RH), acceptable saturated limit (> 99.0 % RH), improved percentage of relative standard deviation (4.18%, n=2), adequate hysteresis (<4.0 % RH) and a shorter rise time (<5.0 s), respectively. The mechanism behind this detection system was based on the interaction between H2O and tungsten filament during formation of WO3.x H2O (x = 1-2) based on the patented X-ray diffraction analysis.

The extraordinary claim of observing nuclear fusion products and excess heat during heavy water electrolysis at room temperature was sensationalized in 1989. Unfortunately, it was rejected quickly by scientific communities. At the last attempt to access the accuracy of the previous works in this field, a Google-funded team tried to examine all reported works with their corresponding conditions to confirm the claimed results. Finally, they found that there was no reasonable proof of nuclear fusion reactions under the reported conditions. Here, we introduced a method to apply a unique triggering potential waveform to a simple two micro-shaft system in both heavy and light concentrated salinity waters which resulted in detecting 4-helium, gamma rays, and heat repeatedly and reproducibly. In this work, two types of nuclear fusion reactions were observed: 1) A D + D fusion reaction in potassium halide salt solutions in heavy water and 2) a new type of fusion reaction in carbon-containing salt solutions in both light and heavy waters. In the latter type, it was proved that the existence of carbon atoms in an anion structure is critical to observe the 4-helium, gamma rays, and heat.