Learning methods, such as conventional clustering and classification, have been applied in diagnosing diseases to categorize samples based on their features. Going beyond clustering samples, membership degrees represent to what degree each sample belongs to a cluster. Variation of membership degrees in each cluster provides information about the cluster as a whole and each sample individually which enables to have insights toward precision medicine. Membership degrees are measured more accurately through removing restrictions from clustering samples. Bounded Fuzzy Possibilistic Method (BFPM) introduces a membership function that keeps the search space flexible to cluster samples with higher accuracy. The method evaluates samples for their movement from one cluster to another. This technique allows us to find critical samples in advance those with potential ability to belong to other clusters in the near future. BFPM was applied on metabolomics of individuals in a lung cancer case-control study. Metabolomics as proximal molecular signals to the actual disease processes may serve as strong biomarkers of current disease process. The goal is to know whether serum metabolites of healthy human can be differentiated from those with lung cancer. Using BFPM, some differences were observed, the pathology data were evaluated, and critical samples were recognized.

Abstract. The paper presents FMOPSO a multiobjective optimization method that uses a Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm enhanced with a Fuzzy Logic-based controller. Our implementation makes use of a number of fuzzy rules as well as dynamic membership functions to evaluate search spaces at each iteration. The method works based on Pareto dominance and was tested using standard benchmark data sets. Our results show that the proposed method is competitive with other approaches reported in the literature.

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