BackgroundEstrogen plays a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Very few studies have shown the association between estrogen receptor α (ERα), PvuII and XbaI gene polymorphisms with T2DM in both men and women. We evaluated the hypothesis that PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms of ERα gene may be associated with T2DM in adult.MethodsFrom spring of 2010 to the fall of 2011, a case-control study was performed at clinical centers of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. We included 174 patients with T2DM including men and women and 174 age, sex, and body mass index frequency-matched health controls. We analyzed the PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms of ERα by using the polymerase chain reaction-based restriction fragment length polymorphism method.ResultsNo significant differences between demographic characteristics of control and patients groups were observed. Allele frequencies of both PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms were significantly different between patients and control subjects (P=0.014 vs. P=0.002, respectively). When the group was separated into women and men, logistic regression analysis of genotype distribution of PvuII (pp vs. Pp+PP) in both sexes revealed that there was no significant association of PvuII genotype with men (odds ratio [OR], 1.67; confidence interval [CI], 0.86 to 3.28; P=0.89) and women (OR, 0.96; CI, 0.53 to 1.74; P=0.12).ConclusionPvuII and XbaI polymorphisms in ERα are related with T2DM in the inpatient population.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the most accessible adult multipotent stem cells that can be harvested from various tissues. The tissue regeneration field uses MSCs because of their therapeutic potential in tissue damage repair, inflammation suppression, and anti-tumor therapies, relying on their targeted homing and differentiation capability into specialized cells. It is proposed that the paracrine activities of MSCs, including secretory trophic factors, survival signals, and extracellular vesicle release, are the principal mechanism to mediate MSCs function. Current studies show that exosomes secreted by MSCs may also contribute to MSCs' physiological function. Indeed, they can be introduced as hopeful novel candidates for drug delivery due to their nanoscale naturally-occurring structure, more stability, less immunogenicity, and the ability to pass through biological barriers without rejection to deliver their cargos to recipient cells and tissues. Moreover, exosomes may anticipate beneficial nanocarrier vehicles in targeted drug delivery systems.

The prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence characteristics of Staphylococci from hospitals, livestock, municipals, and poultry wastewaters were investigated in Ardabil, Iran. From 155 staphylococcal isolates, 44.5% were coagulase-positive Staphylococci (CoPS) and 55.5% were coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) spp. Both CoPS and CoNS species were mainly found in hospital and poultry wastewater samples. The most prominent CoPS and CoNS species were Staphylococcus aureus at 80% and Staphylococcus xylosus at 37%. Methicillin resistance was found in 2% of S. aureus isolates. Overall, 49.2% of CoPS and 47.6% of CoNS isolates exhibited multidrug resistance phenotypes. CoPS were the most resistant to penicillin (89%) and erythromycin (62%) and CoNS isolates exhibited the highest resistance to erythromycin (55%) and tetracycline (49%). Inducible clindamycin resistance was detected in 11% of aureus isolates. The ermC and aac genes were detected as the most common macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B (MLSB)and aminoglycoside-resistance encoding genes in 82.5 and 22.5% of S. aureus isolates, respectively. Most of the S. aureus isolates were positive for multiple virulence factors. The methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates belonged to SCCmec type V. A new spa type t19215 was also identified. The occurrence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus with diverse genetic resistance and virulence background in wastewater is of great health concern.

Background: Asymptomatic carriage of Staphylococcus aureus can lead to endogenous infections and cross-transmission to other individuals. Objectives: The prevalence, molecular epidemiology, antibiotic resistance, and risk factors for nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were studied in school children in Ardabil, Iran. Methods: Totally, 510 nasal samples were collected during 2017. Isolates were identified and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing, identification of oxacillin resistance, and molecular typing. Results: Totally, 13.5% of volunteers were positive for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and 17.5% colonized with mecA positive S. aureus strains, including 6.07% oxacillin-resistant MRSA (OR-MRSA) and 11.56% oxacillin-susceptible MRSA (OS-MRSA). Excluding β-lactam antibiotics, high resistance rate was observed for erythromycin (71%), tetracycline (25.8%), clindamycin (35%) in our isolates. Surprisingly, 11% of the isolates [OR-MRSA (25.8%), OS-MRSA (10.1%), and MSSA (5.7%) isolates] were resistant to mupirocin. Moreover, 18 (58%), 29 (49%), and 29 (42%) of OR-MRSA, OS-MRSA, and MSSA isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), respectively. Overall, 97.48% of isolates carried ≥ 3 toxin encoding genes. The pvl gene was found in 46 (29%) isolates. In comparison, 25.50% of MRSA (9.60% OR-MRSA and 34% OS-MRSA) and 33% of MSSA isolates carried pvl gene. SCCmec type IV had the highest rate among OR-MRSA (87%) and OS-MRSA (74.5%) isolates, which indicates CA-MRSA phenotype. Eleven and 21 spa types were identified in OR-MRSA, and OS-MRSA isolates, respectively. The most common spa types were t11332 (14.3%) and t012 (11.4%) in OS-MRSA isolates. ERIC-PCR revealed high genetic diversity among isolates. The number of students in classroom and incomplete antibiotic course were associated with OS-MRSA nasal carriage. Conclusions: This study showed a high proportion of MDR CA-MRSA nasal carriage among Iranian healthy school children community.

Background and objectives: Antibiotics are usually prescribed by surgeons before and after surgery to prevent postoperative infections. Prophylaxes used for cesarean section in Lamerd are cefazolin and cephalexin. According to studies carried out, urinary tract infections can also occur in spite of the above prescribed antibiotics. So, this research was carried out to determine those strains resistant to the mentioned antibiotics and also to identify genes causing resistance in antibiotic-resistant strains. Methods: 140 cases of mothers who had cesarean section (C-section) were considered in this study. The research began in April and lasted till July 2014 for case selection and sampling. It was emphasized to those women delivered via C-section to refer to laboratory 15 days after delivery. UA-UC tests were done on them. Phenotypic confirmatory test was performed for cefazolin and cephalexin antibiotic-resistant strains in the presence of ceftazidime, ceftazidime/clavulanic acid and cefotaxime, cefotaxime/clavulanic acid discs. The presence of CTX-M and TEM genes in the resistant strains were examined finally by performing PCR test. Results: Of 140 studied C-sections, 10 cases of urinary tract infections including 3 cases of E. coli (2.1%), 1 Klebsiella (0.7), 2 cases of Proteus (1.4%) and 4 cases of Staphylococcus (2.8%) were observed. According to phenotypic confirmatory test, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella strains were isolated as strains containing ESBL for next studies. Finally, according to PCR test for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella isolates, all of them contained CTX-M and TEM genes. Conclusion: It is necessary that microbial culture and antibiogram tests to be done before administering any antibiotics, in order to prevent the spread of strains containing ESBL with proper prescription of antibiotics.