Purpose of review CAD/CAM and 3D-printing are emerging manufacturing technologies in dentistry. In the field of alveolar ridge augmentation, graft customization utilizing these technologies can result in significant reduction of surgical time. A review of the literature on materials, techniques and applications of CAD/CAM and 3D-printing available for alveolar ridge augmentation was performed. Recent findings CAD/CAM applications for milling of customized block grafts of allogeneic, xenogeneic, and alloplastic origins have been reported, and currently only limited products are commercially available. 3D-printing applications are limited to alloplastic graft materials and containment shells, and have been mostly used in animal studies for optimizing biomaterials’ properties. Summary While current data support the potential use of CAD/CAM and 3D-printing for graft customization for alveolar ridge augmentation procedures, additional research is needed on predictability and long-term stability of the grafted sites.

This paper reports an experimental and analytical investigation of transient film boiling of water from a horizontal submerged platinum wire following a large step change in wire temperature. Experimental vapor growth rate data were obtained from high-speed motion pictures with pool temperatures very close to saturation and wire temperatures ranging from 1245 to 1739 deg F. An analytical solution for vapor growth rate which assumes the primary mode of heat transfer within the vapor to be conduction is presented. Heat transfer rates based on the characteristic vapor growth time were calculated from measured vapor formation data.

An analytical correlation of superposed free and forced convection for air for a horizontal cylinder in which the forced convection and free convection forces act in the same direction is considered. A simplified method by which the ordinary formulas for forced convection and for free convection can be used together to give the Nusselt number is presented. The method proposed herein can easily be modified to work for other combinations of free and forced flow systems. The method, therefore, may have wide application because standard formulas for simple systems are easily combined to obtain formulas which are valid for complicated systems.

The purpose of this narrative review is to help clinicians understand the main etiologic factor, commonly identified contributing factors, early diagnostic science, and non-surgical therapeutic modalities of peri-implant diseases.Background: Peri-implant diseases (i.e., peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis) are common biological complications of dental implant therapy, which may result in the failure of dental implants.Understanding the etiologic and contributing factors is the key to identify implants that are potentially at risk for peri-implant diseases. Furthermore, early diagnosis allows clinicians to execute initial non-surgical therapy in a timely manner, thus, potentially avoiding premature implant failure.Methods: Literature search was conducted using specific keywords related to diagnosis and non-surgical management of peri-implant diseases. Relevant literature between January 1st, 1993 and April 30th, 2021 were carefully selected and included in this narrative review.Conclusions: Patients with potential contributing factors for peri-implant diseases should be monitored carefully for early signs of peri-implant diseases. These factors include smoking habit, active or past history of periodontal diseases, unfavorable restorative conditions (i.e., excessive cements, excessive occlusion, limited access for plaque removal), lack of regular maintenance therapy, diabetes, and lack of keratinized tissue. Bleeding on probing appeared to be the most reliable early sign of peri-implant diseases. Initial non-surgical treatment should be delivered based on the principles of cause related therapy, specifically targeting the major etiologic factor for peri-implant diseases, dental plaque. During this phase, in addition to professional mechanical debridement, patient's active participation in removing dental plaque through home oral care is indispensible to achieve successful outcome. Any contributing factor should be eliminated or minimized. In cases with advanced peri-implantitis, a surgical therapy is often necessary. After successfully resolving peri-implant diseases, a regular maintenance therapy should be provided which allows continuous monitoring of patients and their implants.

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