Correctly applying the valuation methodologies is important. Sabal (2007), using a welldesigned example, shows that various methods give identical results, and asserts that APV is more convenient for the emerging market. However, a few issues are questionable which we intend to clarify, including (1) the evidence regarding target debt ratio; (2) the relationship between the WACC/APV and the capital structure; (3) the inconsistencies in the CCF application; and (4) why using the framework by Fernández (2004) does not necessarily prove Sabal's assertion. Our study and Sabal's work are both integral parts in contributing to the better understanding of business valuation.

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Term structure models have often been criticized for failing to explain satisfactorily the yield spread between corporate and Treasury bonds. A potential problem is that the personal tax effect is ignored in these models. In this paper, we employ a structural model to investigate the role of personal taxes on both debt and equity returns in capital structure decisions and assess their impact on corporate bond yield spreads. It is shown that personal taxes affect the firm's optimal capital structure, and the tax premium explains a substantial portion of yield spreads, especially for high-grade bonds. The predictive ability of the model for yield spreads is much improved when personal tax effects are accounted for. In controlling for the liquidity effect, we obtain implied personal income tax rates closely in line with Graham's (1999) estimates.structural approach, endogenous default, personal taxes, yield spread, risk neutrality

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an insurance framework to address the challenge of managing default risk for lenders providing credit to small and micro businesses. Design/methodology/approach A theoretical model is developed showing how mircrofinance lenders can better manage the default risks of small and micro businesses, which assists lenders in sustainably providing affordable microfinance. Findings The model explains how to determine the feasible range of insurance premiums to advise lenders on the appropriate price for microinsurance protecting against small and micro business default. This will enable microfinance institutions to better manage default risk, and thereby provide sustainable and accessible microfinance assistance to small and micro businesses. Social implications The need for microfinance is essential to support small and micro businesses. The insurance framework assists financial institutions in managing default risk of small and micro businesses, enhancing sustainability of these critical financing channels, and supporting the economic development of society in both the developed and developing worlds. The insurance framework proposed will help both policymakers and financial institutions to make better economic decisions, thereby serving small and micro businesses. Originality/value This is the first study in the area of microfinance to propose a way to solve the challenge of providing sustainable mircrofinance services and mitigating small and micro businesses’ difficulty in receiving the financial help they need.