Background and objectives Tuberculosis and COPD are common diseases in developing countries, sharing risk factors like smoking and low socio-economic status but little is known about the specific relationship between tuberculosis and COPD.

Vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency is highly prevalent due to limited sun exposure especially in urban and elderly population. Vitamin D is now increasingly recognized as a hormone responsible for numerous physiologic functions in different cells and tissues of the human body including heart. Vitamin D has been shown to be linked with hypertension, acute coronary syndrome, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. This review briefly overviews the relationship between vitamin D deficiency, its supplementation and outcome in cardiovascular health.Nepalese Heart Journal 2018; 15(1): 17-21.

Introduction Drug resistance tuberculosis (DRTB) has become major problem worldwide with difficulty in treatment. Objective The study is conducted to find the incidence and outcomes of DRTB in one of the eastern tuberculosis treatment centre of Nepal.Methodology We collected all the cases of DRTB being treated from national anti-tuberculosis association of Biratnagar, Nepal. There were altogether 154 patients, who had sputum culture with resistance of at least one anti tubercular drug (ATD), included in this study.Results Of 154 total patients, 36 patients were resistant to rifampicin only, 84 patients were resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin, 18 patients were resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol and 16 patients were resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin and either streptomycin or fluoroquinolone. There was overall 71% cure rate in case of drug resistance tuberculosis. There was only statistical difference between cured and died patients in case of sputum conversion time with earlier sputum conversion in cured patients. Similarly, patients who were previously treated with category 2 ATD had only resistance to ethambutol or streptomycin or fluoroquinolone besides resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin compared to new patients and patients treated with category 1 regimen; as these groups were not found to be resistant to first three drugs.Conclusion There was overall 71% cure rate in case of drug resistance tuberculosis. Earlier sputum conversion was seen in cured patients compared to those who died during the treatment. Multiple drugs were resistant in patients previously treated with category 2 Anti-tubercular drugs.Birat Journal of Health Sciences 2016 1(1): 20-26

IntroductionDiabetes is a prevalent non-communicable disease. It has  increasing global trend. In Nepal, the prevalence of diabetes is also increasing. Awareness is vital to  revent and early diagnosis of diabetes.ObjectivesThe objective of study was to assess the awareness of diabetes and its related factors.MethodologyThis was a hospital based cross sectional study. Total of 503 patient's a

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