Solid-state white light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) have attracted research attention owing to their advantages of simple device structure, low operation voltage and compatibility with solution processes. In this work, we demonstrate a simple approach to obtain white electroluminescence (EL) from non-doped LECs based on a blue-emitting complex. With a relatively thicker emissive layer, red emission can be additionally enhanced by the microcavity effect when the recombination zone moves to appropriate positions. Hence, white EL can be harvested by combining blue emission from the complex and red emission from the microcavity effect. These non-doped white LECs show external quantum efficiencies and power efficiencies up to 5% and 12 lm W(-1), respectively. These results show that efficient white EL can be obtained in simple non-doped LECs.

Enhanced EL from localized surface plasmon resonance in light-emitting electrochemical cells incorporating gold nanourchins.

Classical physics can be regarded as a special case of modern physics. Therefore, we applied those aspects of established modern physics that are suitable for engineering considerations, used the quantum mechanics viewpoint to deal with the physics relations in thermodynamics, and discussed the relations among the variables of physics. We obtained some results by deriving them from basic theories and physics relations, and by exploring the significance of mathematical physics. First, this study obtained the partial differential equation for the general physics relations, which is interesting and revolutionary thinking from the viewpoints of multi-physics and thermodynamic relations expansion. Meanwhile, variable relations among different physics disciplines can be obtained by applying the universal general physics relations with the Jacobian operator. The Maxwell relation is an even more special case; therefore, the physics relations obtained by this study are more universal and versatile. To further illustrate the advantages of this research, the partial differential equation obtained by this study is used to handle the various physics variables and to obtain the thermodynamic physics relations table. This study promotes the research and development of thermodynamic physics relations. There is still room for further exploration in future studies, especially in the specific area of multi-physics application relations and microscopic applications.

This analytic investigation intends to study the nano-tunnel problem of the single electron transistor (SET), which is the most important component in the nano-electronics industry. With a combined effort of quantum mechanics and similarity parameter, the PDE equation of transient position-probability density is attained and can be applied to predict the electron’s position inside the nano tunnel. Also, appropriate initial and the boundary conditions are set up in accordance to the actual electron behavior for solving this PDE of probability density function. Thereafter, a simple, closed-form solution for the probability density is obtained and expressed in terms of the error function for a new similarity variable η. In conclusions, this is an innovative approach by using the Schrödinger equation directly to solve the nano-tunnel problem. Moreover, with the aids of this analytic position-probability-density solution, it is illustrated that the free single electron in the SET’s tunnel can only appear at some specified regions, which are defined by a dimensionless parameter η within a range of 0≤η≤2. This result can be served as a valuable design reference for setting the practical manufacture requirement.