Epinephrine sprayed on the papilla may be effective to prevent PEP. Female patients (aged ≥ 18 years and < 35 years) (7/40, 17.5%), common bile duct diameter < 10 mm (27/40, 67.5%), previous cholangitis (3/40, 7.5%), body mass index ≥ 24 (22/40, 55%), and/or serum triglycerides ≥ 5.65 mmol/L (6/40, 15%), might be risk factors for post-ERCP pancreatitis, but are not statistically significant in the study.

A reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) agent, 2-(dodecylthiocarbonothioylthio)propanoic acid (RAFT-1), was synthesized and characterized. Diacetone acrylamide and poly(ethylene glycol)methyl ether methacrylate were polymerized in the presence of RAFT-1 to give an amphiphilic polymer(RAFT-2). A very stable and narrowly-distributed emulsion was obtained by the micellization of the amphiphilic polymer in water. The self-crosslinking resin system was prepared by adding a crosslinker (adipic dihydrazide) to the prepared emulsion. Upon the evaporation of water of the emulsion, a tough and transparent crosslinked film was prepared, which had good water/solvent resistance and certain adhesiveness.

Stable polymer emulsion derived from Butyl Methacrylate (BMA), 4-vinyl pyridine (4-VP), vinylidene chloride (VDC) and divinylbenzene (DVB) with different size and distribution were prepared through soapless emulsion polymerization by using a reactive surfactant and a redox initiator. The influences of the quality ratio of the reactive surfactant to the monomers and the dosages of the cross-linking agent on the stability and thermal properties of the emulsion were studied. The obtained polymer nano-particles have higher ξ potential, and the particle sizes have narrow distribution. This polymerization system can give some further understanding on the mechanism of emulsion polymerization .The solid content of the emulsion could be as high as 40% and the particle sizes could be adjusted in the range of 40-300nm. Otherwise, using infrared spectroscopy, size and ξ analyzer, gravitational thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimeter, properties of the emulsion latex were tested. This kind of latex may have applications in the development of water-developable thermal-sensitive material system.