A three-dimensional graphene−copper (3D GR−Cu) foam electrode prepared by chemical vapor deposition method exhibited superior electrocatalytic activity toward the dechlorination of trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) as compared to the Cu foam electrode. The cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectra analysis confirmed that GR accelerated the electron transfer from the cathode surface to TCAA. With the applied cathode potential of −1.2 V (vs SCE), 95.3% of TCAA (500 μg/L) was removed within 20 min at pH 6.8. TCAA dechlorination at the Cu foam electrode was enhanced at acidic pH, while a slight pH effect was observed at the GR−Cu foam electrode with a significant inhibition for Cu leaching. The electrocatalytic dechlorination of TCAA was accomplished via a combined stepwise and concerted pathway on both electrodes, whereas the concerted pathway was efficiently promoted on the GR−Cu foam electrode. The direct reduction by electrons was responsible for TCAA dechlorination at Cu foam electrode, while at GR−Cu foam electrode, the surface-adsorbed atomic H* also contributed to TCAA dechlorination owing to the chemical storage of hydrogen in the GR structure. Finally, the potential applicability of GR−Cu foam was revealed by its stability in the electrocatalytic dechlorination over 25 cycles.

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a b s t r a c tEffect of aluminum fluoride complexation on fluoride removal by Al salts coagulation was investigated by a series of batch experiments. Transformation of fluoride species in coagulation was studied by simultaneous determination of free fluoride and total fluoride at different pH and fluoride concentrations. Results showed that aluminum fluoride complexes dominated at low pH and high fluoride concentrations but more complexes did not represent higher fluoride removal. Comparison between coagulation with complexation and adsorption by Al(OH) 3 flocs was conducted and coagulation showed higher fluoride removal efficiency than adsorption in the pH range of 6.0-9.0. Titration test showed that Al F complexes were coprecipitated with less OH − than Al 3+ . Characterization of FTIR and XPS also indicated that flocs after complexation was different from Al(OH) 3 flocs with or without fluoride. It was concluded that a new Al F OH coprecipitate formed in coagulation and fluoride was effectively removed by the coprecipitation.