An acoustic study on the elision of schwa [ʃwɑ:] of /ə/ in English utterances produced by a native speaker of English, a Han Chinese learner of English major, [C] and a Uyghur learner of English majors [U] presented in this paper. With Praat software, three acoustic parameters-fundamental frequencies [F0], the first formant [F1] and the second formant [F2]-are measured with two tiers (syllables and words). The results show that the Uyghur learner of English major produces the elision (omission) of schwa in the same way as the native speaker of English does, while the Han Chinese learner of English major produces schwa of /ə/ in English poorly. The paper indicates that the Elision of Schwa in English produced by learners is influenced by the transfer of their mother tongues. Thus, it enlightens that the second [L2] or third language [L3] speech acquisition is restricted by phonological system of their mother languages, and the contrastive study of the phonological system of the native tongue and the second or third language will give us scaffolding in our phonetic instruction, especially in the teaching of Schwa /ə/ and others in English utterances of Chinese and Uyghur English majors.

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Abstract-This paper aims to explore the complexity structures of conversational interaction among participants based on the theory of cooperative principles, turn-taking and topic shifts theoretically to justify the potential possibility of handling the complexity of structures of conversational interaction among participants. Grice's conversational maxims determines the possibility of cooperative principles in conversational interaction, the unpredictability of the turn-taking and the uncertainty of the topic shifts in negotiating topics make the conversational process complex. If speakers probe to develop the awareness of the complexity of structures of conversational interaction among participants in conversational situation, the possibility and unpredictability in spontaneous speech can be realized. However, the paper didn't touch the process of the role analysis, the process of turn-taking analysis, the process of conversational maxims analysis and the topic-shifts in actual conversations based on the transcription.

The paper intends to extrapolate the new perspective of “science” of translation as well as distinguish the differences and similarities in translation theories between Nida and Chomsky. However, the ultimate initiation zooms in the interpretations and understanding of the translation theories between the two. Both Chomsky and Nida made metaphysical claims about the object of investigation. Nida tends to reveals theoretical priorities, Chomsky’s theory is similarly constructed, making the “logic” of the models similar. Nida’s and Chomsky’s theories are self-reflective, but Chomsky’s universal forms exist at a much deeper, abstract level than Nida’s kernels

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