Spontaneously occurring canine mammary cancer (MC) represents an excellent model of human breast cancer but is greatly understudied. To better utilize this valuable resource, we performed whole genome sequencing, whole exome sequencing, RNA-seq and/or high density arrays on 12 canine MC cases, including 7 simple carcinomas and four complex carcinomas. Canine simple carcinomas, which histologically match human breast carcinomas, harbor extensive genomic aberrations, many of which faithfully recapitulate key features of human breast cancer. Canine complex carcinomas, which are characterized by proliferation of both luminal and myoepithelial cells and are rare in human breast cancer, appear to lack genomic abnormalities. Instead, these tumors have about 35 chromatin-modification genes downregulated, and are abnormally enriched with active histone modification H4-acetylation while aberrantly depleted with repressive histone modification H3K9me3. Our findings indicate the likelihood that canine simple carcinomas arise from genomic aberrations whereas complex carcinomas originate from epigenomic alterations, reinforcing their unique value. Canine complex carcinomas offer an ideal system to study myoepithelial cells, the second major cell lineage of the mammary gland. Canine simple carcinomas, which faithfully represent human breast carcinomas at the molecular level, provide indispensable models for basic and translational breast cancer research.

A novel coronavirus pneumonia broke out and gradually developed into a global public health problem. Health care workers, especially nurses, suffered from great occupational pressure and psychological distress during the outbreak of infectious diseases. We performed a cross-sectional survey to investigate the psychological status and self-efficacy of nurses in public hospital during COVID-19 outbreak between 16th and 25th February 2020. A total of 223 nurses participated in this study. The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms was 40.8% (CI 95%: 34.4%-47.2%) and 26.4% (CI 95%: 20.6%-42.2%), respectively. There was no difference in the prevalence of anxiety symptoms among demographic variables. There was significant differences in the prevalence of depression symptoms according to professional titles ( P = .020). The mean score of self-efficacy was 25.90 ± 7.55. The self-efficacy was negatively correlated with anxiety ( r = −0.161, P < .05). The psychological status of nurses in public hospital during COVID-19 outbreak needs our attention. Improving nurses’ self-efficacy in dealing with emerging infectious diseases may be helpful to their psychology.

The lack of efficient [ 18 F]fluorination processes and target-specific organofluorine chemotypes remains the major challenge of fluorine-18 positron emission tomography (PET). We report here an ultrafast isotopic exchange method for the radiosynthesis of novel PET agent aryl [ 18 F]fluorosulfate enabled by the emerging sulfur fluoride exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry. The method has been applied to the fully automated 18 Fradiolabeling of 25 structurally and functionally diverse aryl fluorosulfates with excellent radiochemical yield (83−100%, median 98%) and high molar activity (280 GBq μmol −1 ) at room temperature in 30 s. The purification of radiotracers requires no time-consuming HPLC but rather a simple cartridge filtration. We further demonstrate the imaging application of a rationally designed poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1)-targeting aryl [ 18 F]fluorosulfate by probing subcutaneous tumors in vivo.

are encoded by unique DNA sequences as identification "barcodes," and are assembled combinatorial using split-andpool strategy or alternative procedures via DNA-compatible reactions. [7][8][9] DELs comprising millions or even billions of DNA-tagged druglike molecules can be effectively synthesized via this technology and screened against various protein targets of interest in a single pooled assay. In a typical affinity-based selection experiment, when non-and low-affinity binders are washed away, the DNA tag of the remaining compounds can be amplified using polymerase chain reaction and the relative frequency of the remaining compounds before and after selection is determined by counting the number of DNA tags in high-throughput DNA sequencing experiments. [10,11] To date, a large number of high-quality hits have been identified by the DEL technology for various therapeutically relevant targets, such as kinases, [12] phosphatases, [13] and G-protein coupled receptors. [14] Several drug candidates derived from their corresponding DEL hits, such as soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor GSK2256294, and death domain receptor-associated adaptor kinase RIP1 inhibitor GSK2982772 have progressed to latestage clinical development, [15,16] further emphasizing DEL as a powerful technology for small molecular drug discovery.Despite these successes, the great potential of DEL technology in drug discovery has not yet been fully realized. One of the most fundamental challenges is the synthesis of high-quality libraries with more structural diversity, which in turn depends on the development of new and robust DNA-compatible reactions that allow more flexibility in DEL's design and synthesis. Among various DNA-compatible reactions developed in recent years, transition-metal-promoted reactions such as Suzuki-Miyaura coupling, [17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Sonogashira coupling, and Buchwald-Hartwig amination using DNA-conjugated aryl halides as electrophiles have been elegantly developed (Figure 1), [24][25][26] and some of them have been developed for DEL synthesis. However, the environmental toxicity and high costs of aryl halides have hindered their large-scale applications in industry. Thus, much attention has been paid to phenol-derived electrophiles recently, [27] which, as compared to aryl halides, offer a more sustainable starting material because most of them are readily available from biomass. [28] In addition, phenol modules are also important components of natural products (NPs), bioactive molecules, and pharmaceutical drugs. Coupling reactions with Using (hetero)aryl fluorosulfonates as versatile electrophiles, facile on-DNA cross-coupling reactions of Suzuki, Sonogashira, and Buchwald are reported here. Notably, all of these reactions show excellent functional group tolerance, mild reaction conditions (relative low temperature and open to air), rich heterocyclic coupling partners, and more importantly, DNA-compatibility. Thus, these new reactions based on efficient formation of C(sp 2 )-C(sp 2 ), C(sp 2 )-C(sp), and C(s...

Spontaneous canine head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) represents an excellent model of human HNSCC but is greatly understudied. To better understand and utilize this valuable resource, we performed a pilot study that represents its first genome-wide characterization by investigating 12 canine HNSCC cases, of which 9 are oral, via high density array comparative genomic hybridization and RNA-seq. The analyses reveal that these canine cancers recapitulate many molecular features of human HNSCC. These include analogous genomic copy number abnormality landscapes and sequence mutation patterns, recurrent alteration of known HNSCC genes and pathways (e.g., cell cycle, PI3K/AKT signaling), and comparably extensive heterogeneity. Amplification or overexpression of protein kinase genes, matrix metalloproteinase genes, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition genes TWIST1 and SNAI1 are also prominent in these canine tumors. This pilot study, along with a rapidly growing body of literature on canine cancer, reemphasizes the potential value of spontaneous canine cancers in HNSCC basic and translational research.