The pulp and paper industry is one of the most energy-intensive industries worldwide. An energy audit is a primary step toward improving energy efficiency at the facility level. This paper describes a plant-wide energy audit aimed at identifying energy conservation and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) mitigation opportunities at a paper mill in Guangdong province, China. We describe the energy audit methods, relevant Chinese standards, methods of calculating energy and carbon indicators, baseline energy consumption and CO 2 emissions of the audited paper mill, and nine energy-efficiency improvement opportunities identified by the audit. For each of the nine options, we evaluate the energy conservation and associated CO 2 mitigation potential. The total technical energy conservation potential for these nine opportunities is 967.8 terajoules (TJ), and the total CO 2 mitigation potential is equal to 93,453 tonnes CO 2 annually, representing 14.4 percent and 14.7 percent, respectively, of the mill's total energy consumption and CO 2 emissions during the audit period.

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Halide perovskites are potential humidity-detection materials due to their sensitivity to water, but the instability of traditional lead-based halide perovskites and the toxicity of Pb hinder further application in humidity sensing. Here, lead-free Cs 3 Cu 2 Br 5 perovskite microcrystals passivated by surface ligands (OLA and OAm) are used to prepare an environmentally friendly humidity sensor. The humidity sensing performance of the prepared sensors was tested, and the effect of surface ligands of perovskites on the performance of humidity sensors was analyzed. The results show that the impedance variations of the manufactured humidity sensors at 12 to 95% relative humidity are 10 6 Ω (OLA) and 10 5 Ω (OAm), respectively. Besides, the sensors demonstrated excellent repeatability, low hysteresis, and considerable stability at different RH values. Furthermore, the analysis of the different ligands attests that short-chain OLA is more conducive to the formation of porous films with stronger water absorption capacity, further improving the responsiveness of the sensor. By contrast, and long-chain OAm is more conducive to the formation of dense films, improving the response ability at low humidity. Additionally, the more hydrophilic OLA contributes to greater responsiveness, while the more hydrophobic OAm helps to shorten the response and recovery time.

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China's paper production accounted for nearly a quarter of the world's total paper production in 2010. In this study, 23 energy saving technologies applicable to the pulping and papermaking process in China are identified and analyzed. The Conservation Supply Curve (CSC) method is employed to assess the technical and economic aspects of energy conservation. The fuel CSC forChinese pulp and paper industry shows the cost-effective and technical fuel conservation potential is 180 PJ and 254 PJ, accounting for 27% and 38% of total fuel used in 2010, respectively. The CO 2 mitigation potential related to the cost-effective fuel efficiency is 17 Mt CO 2 and the technical potential is 24 Mt CO 2 . The electricity CSC shows the technical electricity conservation potential is 2,316 GWh, representing 4% of total electricity consumption. All of the electricity efficiency measures are shown to be cost-effective in this study. The CO 2 mitigation resulted from electricity efficiency is around 2 Mt CO 2 . In addition, sensitivity analyses for the parameters of penetration rate, discount rate, and energy price are conducted to assess their influence on the final results.