No abstract

Carbon sequestration resulting from carbonate rock weathering is closely linked to the global carbon cycle and has turned out to be important in the adjustment of atmospheric CO 2 levels. Traditional karst dynamic models based on water-rock-gas interactions underestimate carbon sink fluxes related to carbonate rock weathering because they ignore the utilization of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) by aquatic organisms. In this study, a new model based on water-rock-gas-organism interactions was applied in the Pearl River basin, China, to recalculate atmospheric CO 2 consumption and to develop an accurate estimation model for carbon sink fluxes at catchment scale. Stable carbon isotope (d 13 C) and C/N ratios were used in the counting processes. Data were collected from published literature as well as through field investigation and laboratory analysis. Results show that the Pearl River carbon sink in the Pearl River is 4.31 9 10 9 kg/a, i.e., 15.8 9 10 9 kg of atmospheric CO 2 per year. Of this, the carbon sink resulting from carbonate rock weathering amounts to 2.14 9 10 9 kg/a, i.e., 49.7 % of the total. The three largest tributaries of Pearl River, Dongjiang, Beijiang, and Xijiang, respectively absorb 0.5 9 10 9 , 1.19 9 10 9 , and 2.62 9 10 9 kg of carbon from the atmosphere annually, accounting for 12, 28 and 60 % of the river's total carbon sink. When compared with the results of previous researches that disregarded the role of aquatic organisms, the new calculation method provides a carbon sink flux value that is 1.2-3.3 times higher, and 1.6 times higher on an average. To improve the calculation accuracy of atmospheric CO 2 consumption in global karstic rivers, further research is needed regarding carbon sequestration mechanisms that involve aquatic organisms.

Karst water is rich in calcium ions (Ca 2+ ) and exhibits poor metal availability and low biodegradation efficiency. This study sought to analyze the effects and mechanisms of Ca 2+ on lead (Pb) removal and absorption by Eichhornia crassipes (a floating plant common in karst areas). Moreover, the morphology and functional groups of E. crassipes in water were characterized via SEM, and FTIR. The results demonstrated that the removal rate of Pb in karst water (85.31%) was higher than that in non-karst water (77.04%); however, the Pb bioconcentration amount (BCA) in E. crassipes roots in karst water (1763 mg/kg) was lower than that in non-karst water (2143 mg/kg). With increased Ca 2+ concentrations (60, 80, and 100 mg/L) in karst water, the Pb removal rate increased (85.31%, 88.87%, and 92.44%), the Pb BCA decreased (1763, 1317, and 1095 mg/kg), and the Ca BCA increased (6801, 6955, and 9368 mg/kg), which was attributed to PbCO 3 and PbSO 4 precipitation and competitive Ca and Pb absorption. High Ca 2+ concentrations increased the strength of cation exchange, alleviated the fracture degree of fibrous roots, reduced the atrophy of vascular bundles, protected the cell wall, promoted C-O combined with Pb, enhanced the strength of O-H, SO 4 2− , C=O, and reduced the oxidization of alkynyl acetylene bonds.industrial wastewater discharged by the lead smelting industry. Pb remains and accumulates in the food chain after entering the environment, which causes serious toxicity to organisms. Moreover, Pb affects plant photosynthesis and transpiration capacity [5,6]; therefore, Pb remediation has become the focus of many studies worldwide. Eichhornia crassipes is an aquatic floating plant that is widely distributed all over the world and occurs in large quantities in karst areas in China. E. crassipes has broad, thick, glossy, ovate leaves and stems, which are important for photosynthesis, food production, gas exchange, and water transpiration [7]. This plant is known to adapt to a wide variety of environmental conditions and even grows well in sewage water. Importantly, E. crassipes possesses a high heavy metal tolerance and uptake efficiency and has therefore become popular for water phytoremediation [8]. E. crassipes can reproduce quickly and absorb various pollutants [9]. Suryandari et al.[10] also demonstrated Pb removal efficiencies of up to 99.71% in E. crassipes harvested after nine days.Calcium (Ca) is an essential element for plants; it is an important regulator of plant growth and supports the structure and stability of cell walls, membranes, and membrane-binding proteins. Ca is also a second messenger that regulates the response of plants to environmental changes [11]. Moreover, certain Ca 2+ concentrations could promote growth and development, metabolism, cell structure, and adaptability to heavy metal stress [12][13][14]. Ca 2+ could also inhibit the transport of heavy metals from underground to aboveground plant structures [15]. Increased Ca 2+ concentrations could reduce heavy metal solubility [16] and allevia...