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Empathy-induced cooperation, forgiveness, and “returning good for evil” in the Prisoner's Dilemma were investigated among Chinese participants. In Study 1, empathy for the partner promoted cooperation in a one-trial Prisoner's Dilemma and fostered forgiveness after the partner's defection. In Study 2, when the partner had defected beforehand in a sequential one-trial Prisoner's Dilemma, empathy manipulation showed no effect on “returning good for evil,” but empathy fostered forgiveness. Expert-rating empathy from the note communication predicted “returning good for evil.” Males showed more “returning good for evil” than females. Gender difference related to the effect of empathy on “returning good for evil” called for further investigation. The implication to the public personnel management in Chinese organizations was discussed.

An analytical review of the motivational theory of life-span development reveals that this theory has undergone a series of elegant theoretical integrations. Its claim to universality nonetheless brings forth unresolved controversies. With the purpose of scrutinizing the key propositions of this theory, an empirical study was designed to examine the control processes and subjective well-being of Chinese teachers (N = 637). The OPS-Scales (Optimization in Primary and Secondary Control Scales) for the Domain of Teaching were constructed to assess patterns of control processes. Three facets of subjective well-being were investigated with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, the Life Satisfaction Scale, and the Subjective Vitality Scale. The results revealed certain aspects of alignment with and certain divergences from the key propositions of the motivational theory of life-span development. Neither “primacy of primary control” nor “primacy of secondary control” was clearly supported. Notably, using different criteria for subjective well-being yielded different subtypes of primary and secondary control as predictors. The hypothesized life-span trajectories of primary and secondary control received limited support. To advance the theory in this area, we recommend incorporating Lakatos' ideas about sophisticated falsification by specifying the hard core of the motivational theory of life-span development and articulating new auxiliary hypotheses.

Subjective well-being (SWB) is an indicator for the resistance of crisis situations and the promotion of employees' life quality. In the present research, we examined a moderated mediation model of SWB among 197 young teachers (faculty members) who were working in different universities of mainland China. The results suggested that the slow strategy of life history (slow-LHS) mediates the positive relationship between family involvement (FI) and SWB. Slow-LHS also mediated the relationship between SWB and the interaction of FI Â Ability to Focus on Work (AFW). Moreover, AFW moderates the simple mediation model of FI ! slow-LHS ! SWB. Compared with the high level (þ1 SD) of AFW, such a model is more likely to be significant on the medium (0 SD) and low level (À1 SD) of AFW. Therefore, the predictive effect of FI on SWB through the mediation role of slow-LHS can be seen

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