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The Renewable Energy Directive and the Electricity Market Directive, both parts of the Clean Energy for all Europeans Package (issued in 2019), provide supranational rules for renewable energy communities and citizen energy communities. Since national transpositions need to be completed within two years, Austria has already drafted corresponding legislation. This article aims at providing a detailed comparison of the European guidelines and the transposition into Austrian law. The comparison not only shows how, and to what extent, the European guidelines are transposed into Austrian law, but also helps to identify loopholes and barriers. The subsequent discussion of these issues as well as positive aspects of the Austrian transposition may be advantageous for legislators and policy makers worldwide in their process of designing a coherent regulatory framework. It is concluded that experts from different areas (i.e., project developers, scientists concerned with energy communities, energy suppliers and grid operators) should be closely involved in the law-making process in order to introduce different perspectives so that a consistent and supportive regulatory framework for energy communities is created.

a b s t r a c tIn South Africa, the projects for the first two rounds of the Renewable Energy Independent Power Producer Procurement Programme (REIPPPP) have reached financial closure, and construction and commissioning has commenced, on all of the twenty-seven PV sites. The question remains as to what can be expected from these PV facilities in 2015 should all of them be fully operational. The objective of the paper was then to analyse the power and energy supply outlook from an annual time series simulation of all approved utility-scale PV facilities. The total amount of delivered energy, if the solar resource profile in 2015 will be similar to that of 2010, will be 1906 GWh. This amounts to just below 1% of the total (net) electricity generated by Eskom, the national utility, in 2012. The cumulative maximum power will almost reach 900 MW. Thus, all of the PV projects will represent up to a maximum of 2% of Eskom's net rated capacity. Of importance to policy-and decision-makers, is that the supplied power and energy performances are well within the best practice spinning reserve of the national grid. As a consequence, the intermittencies of these facilities are of lesser importance.

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