Background: Evidence demonstrates that controlling pain in the preterm infants during the neonatal periods is improving physiological, behavioral and hormonal outcomes. Eye shield and massage may play an important role as a non-pharmacological pain management during venipuncture. Aim: Is to investigate effect of eye shield and massage on preterm infants' pain response during venipuncture. Patients and Methods:Time seriesquasi experimental research design was carried out on a randomized sample of 100 newborn infants attending the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of El Manial University Hospital (Kasr Al Ainy), (30control group,30 eye shield group and 30 massage group). Neonatal assessment tool and Preterm Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) were utilized for data collection. Results: There was a significant mean difference between control, eye shield and massage groups regarding PIPP pain assessment scores in three time frames (before venipuncture T 0 , during T 1 and after T 2) at P˂ 0.00 but there wasn't a significant mean differences after 5 min (T 3). Massage group had the fewest mean PIPP score during four time frames (3.50±0.97 before venipuncture, 8.16±1.91 during venipuncture, 4.30±4.30 after venipuncture and 3.22±0.81 after 5 minutes of venipuncture). Conclusion: ANOVA indicated that massage and eye shield groups showed a significant reduction in preterm infant's pain response than control group during venipuncture but massage was more effective than eye shield. Recommendations: Further studies needed to evaluate the effect of massage in combination with eye shield on preterm infant pain response.

Background and aim: The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is a stressful environment for high risk neonates. Persistent bright light is one of the main environmental stressors that are distressed newborn infants in NICU. Cycled lighting may decrease distress level of newborn infants by enhancing calming status. This study aimed to investigate effects of eye cover among high risk neonates at night shift on their distress levels.Methods: Quasi experimental research design was carried out on a randomized sample of 60 newborn infants attending the NICU of El Manial University Hospital (Kasr Al Ainy), (30 control group and 30 study group). Neonatal assessment tool and COMFORTneoNRS scale were utilized for data collection.Results: There was a statistically significant difference between control and study groups regarding the distress levels (p < .00). The mean score of distress levels were 6.80 ± 1.80 and 0.80 ± 1.15 respectively and the mean score of comfort levels in the newborn infants in the control and study groups were 23.22 ± 5.50 and 6.60 ± 1.06 respectively. Eye coved enhanced quite sleep (66.7%), relaxed muscle (73.3%), decrease movement (66.7%) and no crying (85.7%).Conclusions: The use of eye cover among high risk neonates at night shift is effective to decrease their distress level and improve their comfort state in the morning shift by promoting quite sleep and relaxation. Recommendations: The educational program is needed to raise awareness among neonatal nurses about the effect of light reduction methods such as eye patches on the distress level and comfort state that enhances the growth and development of newborn infants.

Background: Pediatric β--thalassemia major requires lifelong blood transfusions to be treated. As a result, pediatric nurses must practice safely and professionally. Aim: To evaluate the effect of video-assisted teaching intervention on nurses' knowledge and practices regarding pediatric blood transfusion-dependent β -thalassemia major. Methods: Design: A quasi-experimental research design was used to achieve the current study. Settings: The study was conducted at inpatient and out-patient pediatric departments affiliated to Sohag University Hospitals. Subjects: A convenient sample of 60 nurses who worked at the previously mentioned settings was included. Tools of data collection: Tool 1: A structured interviewing questionnaire, it consisted of three parts; part 1: Nurses' personal characteristics, part 2: Children' personal characteristics, and part 3: Nurses' knowledge regarding pediatric blood transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia major; Tool 2: Routine Blood Transfusion Knowledge Questionnaire to assess nurse 'knowledge about blood transfusion; and Tool (3): An observational checklists to assess nurses' practices regarding pediatric transfusiondependent β-thalassemia major. Results: There was a significant improvement in nurses' total knowledge and practices regarding pediatric blood transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia major after video-assisted teaching intervention. Also, there was a positive correlation between total nurses' knowledge and practices post-implementation of the video-assisted teaching intervention. Conclusion:It can be concluded that the research hypotheses are accepted; video-assisted teaching intervention had a positive effect on the improvement of nurses' knowledge and practices regarding pediatric transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia major, which reflected that the video-assisted teaching intervention is an effective teaching method. Recommendation: The study recommended that using the video-assisted teaching intervention for nurses caring for children with transfusiondependent β-thalassemia major to promote and improve their knowledge and ensure competent level of practice.