The continuing globalization of marketing activities has given considerable impetus to the study of cosmopolitanism as a consumer construct. Most recent research has focused on the normative activities of cosmopolites, as consumers who seek to broaden their cultural horizons by immersing themselves in a breadth of local cultural experiences. Although this is true of some cosmopolites in some circumstances, it is not a general characteristic. The authors return to the original meaning of cosmopolitanism as presented (independently) by Merton and Gouldner in the late 1950s, examining the concept in light of subsequent research and the social forces that have tended to promote an increasingly cosmopolitan perspective. They then propose several patterns of cosmopolitan behavior, only one of which is a normative search for culturally broadening experiences. Finally, they suggest some managerial implications for marketing practitioners.

Although instructional research on simulation has been around for almost 40 years, validation research has failed to hold itself to a common, scientifically acceptable methodology for evaluating this type of learning environment. Several comprehensive reviews of simulation assessment literature have all concluded that this problem stems from poorly designed studies, a failure to adhere to a generally accepted research taxonomy, and no well-defined constructs with which to assess learning outcomes. This article seeks to address the problem by reviewing the various concepts employed in the literature of simulation evaluation and integrating them into a coherent framework from which the evaluative process may proceed in a more systematic manner.

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If you would like to write for this, or any other Emerald publication, then please use our Emerald for Authors service information about how to choose which publication to write for and submission guidelines are available for all. Please visit www.emeraldinsight.com/authors for more information. About Emerald www.emeraldinsight.comEmerald is a global publisher linking research and practice to the benefit of society. The company manages a portfolio of more than 290 journals and over 2,350 books and book series volumes, as well as providing an extensive range of online products and additional customer resources and services.Emerald is both COUNTER 4 and TRANSFER compliant. The organization is a partner of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive preservation.This article presents a strategic pricing framework which conceptualizes pricing outcomes or objectives as a function of pricing strategies constrained by environmental factors. The framework is derived from the pricing literature and offers marketers a model to explain and enhance pricing decision-making.

Accepted industry wisdom is that many new, and particularly Internet, media cannot be addressed through conventional media planning procedures. This paper takes a contrary position. It not only argues that new media can be addressed through conventional planning procedures, but it contends that they should be. Increasingly, all media compete for the same budget. Furthermore, they play critical roles in the same integrated marketing communications programs. To suggest that they should be treated differently argues against truly integrated media planning. While this paper does not suggest a comprehensive integrated planning solution, it does outline the directions such a solution should take. Most important, it shows how all media selections can be addressed through a common evaluative process.One of the side effects of the media revolution has been a shying away from traditional research in conventional quantitative media planning. There are a host of reasons. One is that media are prolipherating faster than the sources of data needed to measure them. But research is addressing this problem. In Internet media, measurement is relatively easy. The question is more what should be measured (Novak and Hoffman 1996;Pavlou and Stewart 2000). Leckenby and his colleagues have made considerable progress in developing measures of reach and frequency for evaluating Internet media plans (Leckenby and Hong 1998;Kim and Leckenby 2000).The greater problem is media integration. How does one develop common standards for evaluating such varying media types as the Internet and television or magazines? The issue of intermedia comparisons ranked a close second to the effect of advertising frequency in Schultz' (1979) study of media practitioners' research priorities. While we have no data to support this, we can infer that the problem has become more pressing with the passage of time. In reality, media plans have never focused on a single medium. But the problem is exaggerated with the increase in the number of media alternatives, and, in particular, the advent of Internet media. The popularization of integrated marketing communications (IMC) has further raised the stakes, placing more pressure on planners to find methods of integrating diverse types of media (Schultz and Kitchen 1997; Kitchen and Schultz 1999) One approach is to retreat in the face of the increasing complexity of the problem and rely on qualitative media selection criteria. While we understand why people would take this position, the fact is that modern campaigns often involve millions of dollars in media expenditures. With this kind of money at stake, the benefits of a more systematic, theoretically rigorous, and ultimately, quantitative approach are enormous. The purpose of this article will be to propose a basic system for developing a common, quantitative planning system that can be applied across multiple media classes. Conventional Approches to Media PlanningWhile we speak of "conventional media planning," we recognize that there is no single, universally acc...