<p>Computational tools for simulation of multiphase flow in oil pipelines are of great importance for the determination of the technical feasibility of the production in oilfields. The present article presents the mathematical and numerical modeling of the oil biphasic flow in a partially submerged onshore pipeline. The biphasic behavior of the heavy oil of 13,2ºAPI is translated by the Dukler correlation. The oil’s viscosity is regarded as dependent on the temperature and on the API density of the oil by means of the Hossain correlation. The pipeline, of 3,600m and 4 inches (10.16cm) in diameter, transports the oil from a collecting station to a storage center and consists of three sections. The first and third sections are above ground and are in contact with the external environment. The intermediate section is sitting on the river bed and is the critical part of the pipeline, once high heat losses are observed. The influence on the type of pipe insulation in the pressure and temperature gradients was analyzed with the aid of commercial 1D software Pipesim®. The results, of this 1D and non-isothermal problem with prescribed outlet pressure, show that the use of isolation when appropriately designed in terms of material quality and thickness is of utmost importance to maintain the heat transfer at low levels, in order to ensure the movement of fluids in long sections without compromising the system operation.</p>

Multiphase measurement is still a complex process and involves an important analysis of the produced fluids in the oil industry. Intense research and technological developments in the field have been gaining important breakthroughs in the onshore sectors and especially in the offshore industry. Many companies have already developed meters that are able to read more accurately the multiphase flows and this way these developments have brought a significant number of advantages to measurement processes. The present work aims to list the important concepts that allow understanding the operation of the meters, the advantages that the multiphase measurement presents for the oil industry, including regulatory aspects for of this technology.

Ferramentas computacionais de simulação de escoamento multifásico em dutos de transporte de petróleo são de grande importância para determinação da viabilidade econômica da produção em campos petrolíferos. O presente artigo apresenta a modelagem matemática e numérica do escoamento bifásico de petróleo em um duto onshore parcialmente submerso. O comportamento bifásico do óleo pesado de 13,2 ºAPI é traduzido pela correlação de Dukler. A viscosidade do óleo é considerada dependente da temperatura e da densidade API do óleo mediante a correlação de Hossain. O duto transporta o petróleo desde uma estação coletora até um centro de armazenamento e é formada por três trechos. O primeiro e terceiro trechos são não aterrados e estão em contato com o meio ambiente externo. O trecho intermediário é assentado no leito de um rio e é a parte crítica do oleoduto, pois, elevadas perdas de calor são observadas. A influência de diferentes diâmetros do duto nos gradientes de pressão e de temperatura foi analisada com o auxílio do software Pipesim®.

This paper aims to discuss the role of the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) in the inspection of fluid measurements, and to present a history of improvement of the issuance of infraction notices, related to the violation of the current resolutions, in addition to their sanctioning implications to regulated agents. In order to carry out this study, the data of all infraction notices issued by the Nucleus of Insspection of Measurement of Petroleum and Natural Gas Production (NFP) from 2010 to 2015 were analyzed, showing the process of finding nonconformities on the measurement systems and how infraction's amount is calculated. In addition, the results of court judgments will be present and, finally, a comparison between the number of infraction notice issued, the infraction committed and the punitive pedagogical implications applied. Futhermore after a critical analysus of each infraction notice issued and its respective nonconmities, it is observed that the most common infraction is the divergence between the values declared in the Daily Production Report and those recorded in the flow computer of the measurement system monitored by NFP. These and other infraction notices generate financial penalties whose are set to force operators to follow the recommendation given by ANP. Petrobras, which is responsible for 94.3% of oil and gas production in Brazil, awsers for most part of infraction notices issued and has paied approximately R$250 million.

Gas flaring is the controlled burning of natural gas that cannot be processed for sale or use because of technical or economic reasons. This operation is directly associated with CO2 emission and waste of energy source. As the reduction of CO2 footprint became a matter of great concern in the world, Government of diverse countries has created different strategies to mitigate the issue. For this reason, authorities use Legislation as the main tool to limit the volume of gas flaring. In Brazil, National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP) is the regulatory body responsible for regulate the natural gas flaring and venting. The instrument used is the PORTARIA ANP N° 249, published on November 1st, 2000. However, the Brazilian industry has dramatically changed after the producing starting of pre-salt fields, pointing out the necessity of the ordinance revision. After analyzing the gas flaring data from FPSOs before the gas injection start, it is suggested the adoption some guidelines for gas commissioning phase for offshore units. It is also highlighted the effectiveness of CO2 taxation in Norway as well as the possibility of zero routine flare technology implementation. Finally, to achieve lower gas flaring numbers is essentially the development of politics to make economically feasible the use of all waste gas to produce energy.