High blood pressure (HBP) is a strong, independent and etiologically relevant risk factor for cardiovascular and therefore, the leading cause of preventable deaths worldwide. Hypertension has high medical and social costs. Due to its many associated complications, the use of medical services create high costs with medications which represent almost half of the estimated direct expenses. Free distribution of more than 15 medications for HyPERtension and DIAbetes (HIPERDIA program) clearly shows the important role of drugs in the Brazilian Government's effort to tackle these two diseases. Notwithstanding, the prevalence of HBP is rising in parallel with other NCDs. It is known that HBP results from environmental and genetic factors, and interactions among them. Our ancestors were often faced with survival stresses, including famine, water and sodium deprivation. As results of natural selection, the survival pressures drove our evolution to shape a thrifty genotype, which favored/ promoted energy-saving and sodium/water preservation. However, with the switch to a sodium-and energy-rich diets and sedentary lifestyle, the thrifty genotype and ancient frugal alleles, are no longer advantageous, and may be maladaptive to disease phenotype, resulting in hypertension, obesity and insulin resistance syndrome. Lowgrade chronic infl ammation and oxidative stress would be the underlying mechanisms for these diseases. HBP is often associated with unhealthy lifestyles such as consumption of high fat and/or high-salt diets and physical inactivity. Therefore, alternatively to medicine drugs, lifestyle and behavioral modifi cations are stressed for the prevention, treatment, and control of hypertension. A lifestyle modifi cation program (LSM) involving dietary counseling and regularly supervised physical activity ("Move for Health") has been used for decades, in our group, for NCDs primary care. Retrospective (2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016) data from 1317 subjects have shown the top quartile of blood pressure(142.2/88.5mmHg) differing from the lower quartile (120.6/69.2mmHg) by being older, with lower schooling, lower income and, lower physical activity and aerobic capacity. Additionally, the P75 showed higher intake of CHO, saturated fat and sodium along with lower-diet quality score with a more processed foods. They showed higher body fatness and prevalence of metabolic syndrome along with higher pro-infl ammatory and peroxidative activities and insulin resistance. In this free-demand sample, the HBP rate was 51.2% for SBP and 42.7% for DBP. The rate of undiagnosed HBP was 9.8% and only 1/3 of medicated patients were controlled for HBP. After 10 weeks of LSM the HBP normalization achieved 17.8% for SBP and 9.3% for DBP with a net effectiveness of 8.5% and 2.4%, respectively. The reduction of HBP by LSM was followed by increased aerobic conditioning and reduced intake of processed foods along with decreased values of BMI, abdominal fatness, insulin resistance, pro-infl ammatory and peroxydative ...

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Organismal evolution led to innovations in metabolic pathways, many of which certainly modified the surface chemistry of the Earth. Volcanic activity introduced inorganic compounds (H 2 , CO 2 , CH 4 , SO 2 , and H 2 S) driving the metabolism of early organisms of the domains archaea and bacteria. In the absence of light, H 2 S and Fe 2+ would have been the major electron donors and the electron acceptors could be either oxidized species such as the sulfurs, sulfate, and elemental sulfur, or carbon dioxide by the fermentation of acetate (forming methane). Elemental sulfur was produced by the reaction between H 2 S and SO 2 , while anoxygenic photosynthesis may have provided the sulfate which removed oceanic ferrous iron by its precipitation as sulfide into sediments. Hence, the sulfur cycle participation in life evolution comes from ancient anoxygenic elemental sulfur reduction generating environmental sulfide incorporated as mitochondrial Fe-S for the electrontransport chains. Anoxygenic photosynthesis may have provided the necessary sulfate to promote the evolution of sulfate-reducing bacteria. The evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis provided for diverse metabolic possibilities including non-photosynthetic sulfide oxidation, nitrification, and methanotrophy. An increase in oxygen levels would account for oxidative sulfur cycle, evolution of colorless sulfur bacteria, and emergence of large multicellular animals. Oxygen, initially a waste product of photosynthesis, first reacted with sulfur, iron or methane and latter accumulated in atmosphere resulting in more carbon production. Oxygenic photosynthesis becomes a positive feedback on the oxidation of the Earth-surface environment causing the growth and stabilization of continental platforms and carbon burial with more atmosphere oxidation. An increase in oxygen levels would account for oxidative sulfur cycle, evolution of colorless sulfur bacteria, and emergence of large multicellular animals. Oxygen enabled more efficient energy transformation from dietary food to ATP. However, evolution for mammals living on dry land has been closely linked to the adaptation of changes in O 2 concentration in the environment, which means mitochondrial aerobic respiration. By using ancestral geochemistry of iron-sulfur clusters at the protein complexes I and II, the respiratory chains become

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Objectives To evaluate the additional effect of whey protein supplementation (WPS) to the physical-exercise training on bone resorption in postmenopausal women. Methods In a prospective, controlled study, 38 postmenopausal women aged 50 to 70 years, were randomized into two groups: with WPS (n = 19) and without WPS (n = 19, control) intervention. The study included amenorrheic women (above 12 months) with normal bone mineral density (T-score ≥ −1.0 SD) not taken bone-related medicines, and practitioners of a physical exercise protocol involving combined walking/jogging and academy/resistance exercises performed under professional supervising, three times a week. Together, there was a weekly dietary counseling along with a daily supplementation of either 25 g of protein (WPS) or placebo. Food intake (24-hour recall), anthropometric, general biochemistry, plasma hormones and bone resorption marker: serum C-terminal cross-linked N-telopeptides of type-I collagen (s-CTX) assessments were undertaken at baseline and after 20-wk intervention. Statistical analysis of the data (P < 0.05) was performed by using a time-repeated measures (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey multiple comparison test adjusted for group x moment interaction, or by gamma distribution (asymmetric variables). Results The groups were anthropometric and biochemical homogeneous, at baseline and after the intervention. Both groups increased similarly the intake of energy and lipids. However, only WPS significantly increased the intake of protein, calcium, phosphates and magnesium, as well as leucine, isoleucine and valine. From a similar baseline plasma values of s-CTX, calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and parathormone, only s-CTX responded significantly to the intervention, being reduced in both groups (-34% and −15.2%), statistically significant in the control(non-WPS) group (P = 0.016). Conclusions The reduced plasma marker of bone resorption marker was observed in post-menopause women submitted to a 20-wk lifestyle-modification protocol with physical exercises, independently to the whey protein supplementation. Clinical trial (REBEC): RBR-7KD97. Funding Sources Brazilian foundations CNPq and CAPES.