Background: Studies on false-positive galactomannan (GM) enzyme immunoassay (EIA) results and treatment for critically ill patients are scarce.Objectives: The study aimed to determine the false-positive rate of GM-EIA and to probe the risk factors of false positivity among patients in the intensive care units (ICUs).Methods: A case–control approach was conducted to review adult patients who had at least one GM-EIA result and were admitted to the ICU. Those who had no fungal culture were excluded. The clinical characteristics and critical care between patients with false-positive and true-negative GM index (GMI) were compared.Results: Of 206 patients enrolled and with GM-EIA results, 20 (9.7%) were considered to have false-positive antigenemia, including 9 in bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) and 11 in serum. A total of 148 (71.8%) were true-negatives. After paired grouping of 1:4, factors researched in the previous studies showed no significant difference. However, compared with the true-negatives, patients with positive GM test results but were incompatible with the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis were more prone to the risk of false positivity due to the use of colistin inhalation. It seemed to be the only factor that significantly increased the risk of false positivity after multivariate analysis (adjusted odds ratio, 35.68; 95% CI, 3.77–337.51, p = 0.002).Conclusions: Colistin inhalation treatment may contribute to false-positive GM-EIA results. The positive GMI among patients receiving colistin nebulization should be interpreted with caution.

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Review question / Objective: P: ("Hepatitis C"[Mesh] AND "Hepacivirus"[Mesh] AND "Hepatitis C, Chronic”[Mesh]) I: (direct acting antiviral OR asunaprevir OR boceprevir OR daclatasvir OR dasabuvir OR elbasvir OR glecaprevir OR grazoprevir OR ledipasvir OR ombitasvir OR paritaprevir OR pibrentasvir OR simeprevir OR sofosbuvir OR telaprevir OR velpatasvir OR voxilaprevir) C: placebo O:  ( "Cholesterol, VLDL"[Mesh] OR "Cholesterol, LDL"[Mesh] OR "Cholesterol, HDL"[Mesh] OR "Dyslipidemias"[Mesh] OR "lipoprotein cholesterol ester, human" [Supplementary Concept] OR "lipoprotein cholesterol" [Supplementary Concept] ) OR ((lipoprotein cholesterol) OR ("lipidemia") OR (lipid metabolism) OR (lipid)). Information sources: We conducted a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and Ovid MEDLINE electronic databases from their inception to May 20, 2022.