Pharmacological vitrectomy refers to the use of enzymes in an effort to liquefy vitreous and to weaken the adhesion of vitreous cortex to the internal limiting membrane during or before performing vitreous surgery. It is well known that the vitreoretinal interface plays important roles in developing many blinding diseases. To make the vitreous surgery easier for better outcome or to avoid vitrectomy, plasmin, dispase, and chondroinase have been used to promote the disinsersion of vitreous cortex to the internal limiting membrane, a basement membrane of Muller cells. On the other hand, hyaluronidase has been used clinically to facilitate the clearance of vitreous hemorrhage liquefying vitreous body and developing posterior vitreous detachment. This article reviews enzymes as an intraoperative adjunctive agent in vitrectomy.

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Ischemia reduced the ADC in both spinal cord white and gray matter. Hyperbaric 5% lidocaine did not affect the spinal cord ADC during the first 1.5 hours. We suggest that 5% hyperbaric lidocaine does not induce irreversible neurologic deficits by causing spinal cord ischemia.

Three-dimensional diffusion-weighted MRM displays cervical and lumbar spine anatomy accurately in vivo. Apparent diffusion coefficients measurements are feasible in rat cervical spinal cord with intrathecal catheters. Spinal cord ADCs are unaffected by intrathecal catheters, indicating normal spinal cord perfusion.