BackgroundFerns, originated about 360 million years ago, are the sister group of seed plants. Despite the remarkable progress in our understanding of fern phylogeny, with conflicting molecular evidence and different morphological interpretations, relationships among major fern lineages remain controversial.ResultsWith the aim to obtain a robust fern phylogeny, we carried out a large-scale phylogenomic analysis using high-quality transcriptome sequencing data, which covered 69 fern species from 38 families and 11 orders. Both coalescent-based and concatenation-based methods were applied to both nucleotide and amino acid sequences in species tree estimation. The resulting topologies are largely congruent with each other, except for the placement of Angiopteris fokiensis, Cheiropleuria bicuspis, Diplaziopsis brunoniana, Matteuccia struthiopteris, Elaphoglossum mcclurei, and Tectaria subpedata.ConclusionsOur result confirmed that Equisetales is sister to the rest of ferns, and Dennstaedtiaceae is sister to eupolypods. Moreover, our result strongly supported some relationships different from the current view of fern phylogeny, including that Marattiaceae may be sister to the monophyletic clade of Psilotaceae and Ophioglossaceae; that Gleicheniaceae and Hymenophyllaceae form a monophyletic clade sister to Dipteridaceae; and that Aspleniaceae is sister to the rest of the groups in eupolypods II. These results were interpreted with morphological traits, especially sporangia characters, and a new evolutionary route of sporangial annulus in ferns was suggested. This backbone phylogeny in ferns sets a foundation for further studies in biology and evolution in ferns, and therefore in plants.
The improper handling of decrypted information can lead to the leakage of confidential data. Thus, there is increasing interest in the development of self‐erasing decrypted data. Herein, we report a urease‐containing fluorescent hydrogel for multistage information security protection. Information can be input into the fluorescent hydrogel, which is based on the protonated 4‐(N,N‐dimethylaminoethylene) amino‐N‐allyl‐1,8‐naphthalimide (DEAN‐H+) and doped with urease, using metal ions, such as Zn2+ that coordinate with DEAN. Upon exposure to urea, urease produces NH3, which reduces the fluorescence of the hydrogel. In the presence of urea, metal‐coordinated hydrogel fluorescence decreases more slowly than the fluorescence of the hydrogel alone, revealing the information. The displayed information is then automatically erased within a few minutes. This work opens up a new insights in designing and fabricating information storage materials.
Fluorescent patterns showing the unique color change in response to external stimuli are of considerable interest for their applications in anti-counterfeiting. However, there is still a lack of intelligent fluorescent patterns with high-security levels, presenting a dynamic display of encrypted information. In this study, a fluorescent organohydrogel is fabricated through a two-step interpenetrating technique, leading to the co-existence of naphthalimide moieties (DEAN, green-yellow fluorescent monomer) contained Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA) hydrogel network and Polyoctadecyl methacrylate (PSMA) organogel network bearing spiropyran moieties (SPMA, photochromic monomer). Due to the unique heterogeneous networks, the fluorescence color goes through a continuous change from green to yellow to red via the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) process with the extension of irradiation time. In addition, when H + is introduced into the system, SP units exhibit transformation into the protonated merocyanine (MCH + ) rather than merocyanine (MC) under UV light, which inhibits the FRET process. By selectively being treated with H + , the fluorescent organohydrogel can act as an effective platform for encrypting secret information, making them more difficult to forge.
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