The problem of poor children’s psychological development has been widely concerned by governments all over the world. At present, the research results of poor children’s psychological development show that poor children mainly have cognitive, mental health, and behavioral problems. This paper studies the personality traits and their influencing factors of children from poor families from the perspective of psychological education. By giving the definition of children from poor families and poor families, this paper analyzes the psychological development of poor children, analyzes the personality traits and influencing factors of children from poor families from the perspective of psychological education, obtains the standard scores of 16 personality traits and their dimensional personality factors and personality factors, and uses the clustering method to realize the difference analysis of personality characteristics of various samples. From the perspective of quantitative psychological education, this paper analyzes the correlation between personality traits and influencing factors of children from poor families in order to provide basis and reference for the government and society to implement targeted poverty alleviation and cut off the intergenerational transmission of poverty.