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Background: Sit-stand workstations are available for office work purposes but there is a dearth of quantitative evidence to state benefits for lower limb outcomes while using them. And there are no guidelines on what constitutes appropriate sit/stand time duration. The primary aim of this study has been to compare muscle activity and perceived discomfort in the lower extremity during various combinations of sit/stand time duration associated with a sit-stand workstation separately and to evaluate the effects of the sit-stand workstation on the lower extremity during the text entry task. Material and Methods: During the 5 days, all participants completed a 2-h text entry task each day for various sit/stand time duration combinations as follows: 5/25 min, 10/20 min, 15/15 min, 20/10 min, 25/5 min. Lower extremity muscular exposure of 12 male and 13 female participants was collected at 8 sites by surface electromyography and body discomfort was calculated by a questionnaire under those 5 conditions. Results: Results have demonstrated that lower extremity muscle activity has been significantly varied among the 5 sit/stand time duration groups. Perceived level of discomfort (PLD) has not differed significantly for 9 out of 10 body parts. Conclusions: The muscle activity of the thigh region was influenced by sit/stand time duration significantly. Ergonomic exposures of lower extremity when using a sitstand workstation were increased, particularly during the long time standing posture. Results indicate that body mass index (BMI) and gender were not significant factors in this study. Combination of sit/stand time duration 25/5 min appears to show positive effects on relief of muscle exposure of back of thigh in the shifts of sitting and standing work position. Med Pr 2017;68(3):315-327

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the comfort of aircraft passengers during long flights and to determine the effects of the seatback angle and the seat pitch on passengers’ upper body muscles (neck, shoulder, and lower back) and subjective comfort.METHODS: All subjects sat on an aircraft seat for 2 h with different levels of seatback angle and seat pitch. Subjective discomfort scores and root mean square (RMS) and mean power frequency (MPF) values were used to evaluate muscle fatigue, and all data were calculated for every 15-min interval.RESULTS: Significant increases of MPF for all three muscles were found at 30 min, along with significant increases in the perceived levels of discomfort (PLD) over 2 h. Besides, a 120° seatback angle and a 34˝ seat pitch resulted in lower PLD values for the lower back and hip areas than smaller ones (significant difference).DISCUSSION: It took around 30 min before pronounced discomfort in the upper body regions occurred during flight. The larger parameters of seatback angle and seat pitch may significantly contribute to the easing of subjective discomfort. Moreover, a decrease in MPF coupled with a concomitant increase in RMS does not appear to be a reliable indicator of discomfort rate. The need for further development of discomfort indicators which are more directly related to muscular activation is recognized.Pei H, Yu S, Ding M, Bai Z. Aircraft passenger comfort based on muscle activation and perceived discomfort during long flights. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(5):416–421.