In this paper, we propose a novel secure multi-party quantum summation protocol based on quantum Fourier transform, where the traveling particles are transmitted in a tree-type mode. The party who prepares the initial quantum states is assumed to be semi-honest, which means that she may misbehave on her own but will not conspire with anyone. The proposed protocol can resist both the outside attacks and the participant attacks. Especially, one party cannot obtain other parties' private integer strings; and it is secure for the colluding attack performed by at most 2 n − parties, where n is the number of parties. In addition, the proposed protocol calculates the addition of modulo d and implements the calculation of addition in a secret-by-secret way rather than a bit-by-bit way.

A palladium-catalyzed asymmetric Markovnikov hydroamino­carbonylation of alkenes with anilines has been developed for the atom-economical synthesis of 2-substituted propan­amides bearing an α-stereo­center. A novel phosphor­amidite ligand L16 was discovered which exhibited very high reactivity and selectivity in the reaction. This asymmetric Markovnikov hydroamino­carbonylation employs readily available starting materials and tolerates a wide range of functional groups, thus providing a facile and straightforward method for the regio- and enantio­selective synthesis of 2-substituted propan­amides under ambient conditions. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction proceeds through a palladium hydride pathway.

Asymmetric hydroxycarbonylation is one of the most fundamental yet challenging methods for the synthesis of carboxylic acids. Herein, we reported the development of a palladium-catalyzed highly enantioselective Markovnikov hydroxycarbonylation of vinyl arenes with CO and water. A monodentate phosphoramidite ligand L6 plays vital role in the reaction. The reaction tolerates a range of functional groups, and provides a facile and atom-economical approach to an array of 2-arylpropanoic acids including several commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The catalytic system has also enabled an asymmetric Markovnikov hydroalkoxycarbonylation of vinyl arenes with alcohols to afford 2arylpropanates. Mechanistic investigations suggested that the hydropalladation is irreversible and is the regio-and enantiodetermining step, while hydrolysis/alcoholysis is probably the rate-limiting step.Scheme 1. Pd-catalyzed asymmetric Markovnikov hydrocarbonylation of vinyl arene.