This study was aimed to evaluate the water quality and pollution sources in Sapanca Lake and its tributaries by applying multivariate statistical techniques to physicochemical parameters and toxic metals. For this purpose, the multivariate statistical methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model have been employed. It was tried to determine the seasonal pollution sources of physicochemical parameters and toxic metals obtained from 22 different sampling points between the years of 2015 and 2017. PCA was applied to the datasets, and 6 varimax factors describing 84%, 80%, 76%, and 79% of the total variance for each season were extracted. The obtained factors were analyzed using the APCS-MLR model for the apportionment of various pollution sources affecting physicochemical parameters and toxic metals. The results show that the natural soil structure, municipal-industrial wastewater, agricultural-atmospheric runoff, highways, and seasonal effects are the major pollution sources for toxic metals and physicochemical parameters. The material contribution of pollutant sources to toxic metals and physicochemical parameters was calculated and verified by the concentrations analyzed. Consequently, multivariate statistical techniques are useful to determine the physicochemical parameters and toxic metals through reciprocal correlation and assess the seasonal impact of pollutant sources in the basin. This study also provides a basis for the creation of measurement programs, determination of pollution sources, and provision of sustainable watershed management regarding other water resources.

Sapanca Lake is an important drinking water source located by D-100 highway in the north and E-80 (TEM Anatolian Highway) and a railway line in the south. Heavy metal concentrations in roadside soils result from vehicle exhausts and the corroding metal parts of vehicles. Due to the difficulty of removing heavy metals from the soil, a significant pollution problem arises and this pollution also affects the water resources by means of rain. Although there are several industries, the highway located near the lake is the most important pollutant source for Sapanca Basin. Therefore, this study evaluated heavy metal concentrations, the chemical fractions of the metals and ecological risks (by using C f , RAC and PERI) in the soil samples collected seasonally between 2015 and 2017 in Sapanca Lake Basin. Al and Fe were determined at very high amounts in all stations and the relationship between mean concentrations of other metals was determined to be Zn>Ba>As>Ni>Cr>Pb>Cu>Co>Cd. However, Zn, Ba, As, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu, Co and Cd mean concentrations were determined as 87.63 mg/kg, Ba 86.87 mg/kg, 80.40 mg/kg, 58.62 mg/kg, 50.42 mg/kg, 41.90 mg/kg, 38.16 mg/kg, 13.98 mg/kg, 2.89 mg/kg respectively. Al, Fe, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn are mainly found in residual fractions in soil. According to the environmental risk assessment on the basis of soil stations, the 7 th station has the highest GC f value, which means that the soil sample presents the highest environmental risk according to the contamination factors. On the other hand, Cd has serious potential ecological risk and As has considerable potential ecological risk in all stations.

a b s t r a c tThis study examined the removal of heavy metals Cu 2+ , Pb 2+ , Zn 2+ from water solution by using perlite, perlite activated with oxalic acid and perlite modified with chitosan. The adsorption isotherms were also calculated. The conditions that affect the adsorption process were asserted as pH, adsorption dose and operation time. The highest adsorption yield among the four different adsorbent examined was provided by perlite activated with oxalic acid. The metal holding capacities were determined as 16.72 mg/g for Cu, 18.48 mg/g for Pb and 14.184 mg/g for Zn. This capacity was interpreted as the indicator of usability on the heavy metal removal functions in industrial treatment facilities. The experimental metal sorption of perlite activated forms is described best by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model with determination values over 0.99. The research results prove that perlite and modified perlite are good natural adsorbents for the removal of heavy metal from water.

Endüstrileşmeye bağlı olarak hızlı nüfus artışı, yaşam kalitesinin iyileşmesi büyük şehirlerde taşıt sayısının her geçen gün artmasına neden olmaktadır. Konutlar ve endüstriyel tesislerden kaynaklanan hava kirliliğinin yanı sıra trafik kaynaklı hava kirliliği de önemli çevresel sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Bu nedenle, motorlu taşıtlardan kaynaklanan hava kirleticilerinin belirlenmesi başta insan sağlığı olmak üzere çevreye olan olumsuz etkilerinden dolayı önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında Sapanca Gölünü çevreleyen otoyollarda taşıt sayımlara yapılarak farklı araç türleri için saatlik trafik yoğunlukları belirlenmiştir. Trafik kaynaklı hava kirleticilerinin (PM, NOx. CO, VOC) EMEP/EEA emisyon faktörleri kullanılarak emisyon envanterlenmesi yapılmış, Marmara bölgesi için önemli bir su kaynağı olan Sapanca gölüne etki edebilecek emisyon miktarları belirlenmiştir. Çalışmaya göre bir hafta boyunca atmosfere verilen toplam emisyon miktarları; PM için 2 ton, NOx için 41 ton, CO için 84 ton ve VOC 14 ton için yaklaşık olarak bulunmuştur. Uzun vadeli sonuçlar değerlendirildiğinde Sapanca gölü ve besleyen dereler için motorlu taşıtların önemli bir kirletici kaynak olduğu ve önlemler alınması gerektiği kanısına varılmıştır.

No abstract