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Objective: To find out the knowledge, awareness and screening practices of cervical cancer among nurses at Lahore general Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional, interview based study was conducted on 250 nurses at Lahore general Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. The duration of this study was one year from 2017 to 2018. All the cases underwent interview based information regarding cervical cases. The questionnaire was applied to assess the knowledge, awareness and screening practices about cervical cancer among nurses. Data was collected via self-made proforma. Results: Most of the study participants were less than 35 years. 72% nurses were married and 28% were married. Most of the study participants 96% known that cervical cancer is the abnormal growth of cervical cells and few were unaware regarding it. According to causes of cervical cancer, 70% to 75.6% participants agreed with the causes of early marriage and multiple sex partners, while others had ideas of smoking, infection and hereditary causes. 25.5% nurses answered that it can occur in any age group, 11.2% replied in reproductive age group, 42.8% were agreed with menopausal age group and 20.4% had no idea. 75.6% to 95.5% nurses were in the favor of scanning, pap smear test and cervical biopsy methods. 85 participants said it is a preventable disease via vaccination, early diagnosis and safe sex activities. Conclusion: It was concluded that nurses had satisfactory knowledge and screening practice cervical cancer at Lahore general Hospital.

Objective: To assess the maternal outcome of primigravida patient with term pregnancy with engaged versus unengaged foetal head at onset of labour Design of the Study: It was a cohort study. Study Settings: The study was conducted at Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology Rashid Latif Medical College, Lahore from January 2021 to June 2021. Material and Methods: This study involved 160 primigravida at term (as per dating scan) aged between 18-35 years who were divided into cases (women with unengaged fetal head) and controls (those with engaged fetal head). Outcome variable were frequency of cesarean delivery, low birth weight, poor APGAR score at 1 and 5 minutes and NICU admission which were noted and compared between the groups. Results of the Study: The mean age of the patients was 23.9±3.8 years while the mean gestational age was 39.0±1.3 weeks. The frequency of poor APGAR score at 1 minute (25.0% vs. 5.0%; p-value<0.001; 95%CI RR=5.00) and cesarean delivery (38.8% vs. 16.3%; p-value=0.001; 95%CI RR=2.39) was significantly higher in women with unengaged fetal head at term. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of poor APGAR score at 5 minutes (5.0% vs. 2.5%; p-value=0.405; 95%CI RR=2.00), NICU admission (10.0% vs. 8.8%; p-value=0.786; 95%CI RR=1.14) and low birth weight (7.5% vs. 3.8%; p-value=0.303; 95%CI RR=2.00). Conclusion: In the present study, unengaged fetal head at term was associated with poor APGAR score at birth and increased risk of cesarean delivery which advocates that women with unengaged fetal head at term should be considered as high risk so that anticipated management may improve the fetomaternal outcome Keywords: Primigravida, Unengaged Fetal Head, Fetomaternal Outcome

Objective: To describe the immediate symptoms of the post menopausal women attending Punjab Rangers Hospital Lahore. To see the effects of these symptoms on quality of life (QOL). Study Design: This was a descriptive type of study that was carried out at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics at Punjab Rangers Hospital. Setting: O&G OPD at Punjab Rangers Teaching Hospital Sample Size: 100 patients with menopause were studied for symptomatology and these symptoms affect the quality of life. Sample Collection: Sample collection was done by a non-probability convenient method. Inclusion Criteria: All patients who attended gynae opd at Punjab rangers hospital with:  Natural menopause  Above 45 years  Below 55 years  With no other Gynecological problems Exclusion Criteria: All those patients were excluded from the study that had  Surgical menopause  Perimenopause  History of depressive illness  Women on antidepressant  Women on HRT  Below 45 YEARS Data Collection: The questionnaires based on menopausal rating scale for symptomatology and quality of life were generated to see the impacts of these symptoms on life. The educated patients filled questionnaires. I filled out questionnaires of illiterate patients outdoors myself. Data Analysis: An analysis of data was done by using computer software SPSS. Data master sheet was developed. Frequency tables and graphs were generated The data was analyzed by using computer software SPSS.. Confidence interval was calculated for important frequency tables. Cross tabulation was done for marital status,parity,literacy,smoking and chi-square was applied as a test of significance. 65% patients described that their quality of life decreased after menopause especially due to vasomotor and psychological symptoms. 35% of patients were happy and satisfied after their menopause.Besides menopause there were other stresses of middle life, which made life worse. Subject: The study was performed during the period November2020 to May 2021.Sample was collected by a non probability convenient method and 100 patients were selected. Data was collected by questionnaire provided to patients attending the outpatient department. Data was analyzed with a computer software system by using SPSS. Results: The mean age observed was 49 years and frequency distribution of symptoms were:Hot flushes 60%, Night sweats 55% ,Insomnia 50% ,Mood changes 60% ,Anxiety 50% ,Irritability 50% ,Memory loss 30% ,Vaginal dryness 10%, Dyspareunia 10% ,Loss of libido 15% ,Urethral symptoms 25% ,Lethargy and general body aches 75% .65% patients described that their QOL had decreased after menopause. 35% patients described no effect. Conclusion: To promote the awareness in women about menopause, HRT and other alternatives which can improve their QOL

Background: Anemia in pregnancy is a major contributor that leads to severe morbidity and even high risk for maternal mortality. There is lack of information about factors that lead to anemia, especially in low-income countries. Objective: To determine the frequency of factors associated with anemia among pregnant women attending a tertiary care hospital, Lahore Material and methods: This cross sectional study was one at Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology for 6 months from 1st October 2021 to 1st March 2022. One hundred females were enrolled and their medical records and history was taken to determine the factors involved in anemia during pregnancy. All the data was analyzed in SPSS v26. Results: In this study, the mean age of females was 28.61 ± 6.45 years. The mean gestational age at presentation was 35.02 ± 2.17 weeks. The mean age at first pregnancy was 22.76 ± 4.79 years. The mean birth interval was 7.39 ± 3.92 months. Out of 100 females, the most common factor was inter-pregnancy interval <6 months [48 (48%)], followed-by 72 (72%) not taken folic acid, 86 (86%) of not taking iron supplement, 44 (44%) were taking grains only, 50 (50%) were taking vegetables only, 41 (41%) were taking meat >2 times per week, 64 (64%) were not taking fruits, 69 (69%) were not taking milk, 57 (57%) were avoiding food or taking less meals, 61 (61%) had nausea and vomiting during pregnancy and 38 (38%) had chronic anemia (before pregnancy). Conclusion: In this study, all of the above factors were highly effective in occurrence of anemia in pregnancy. Key words: pregnancy, anemia, nausea and vomiting, folic acid