No abstract

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive despite having frequent, unprotected sex for at least one year. The failure to have children affects men and women across the globe. Infertility can lead to distress and depression [1]. The clinical definition of infertility used by the World Health Organization (WHO) is "a disease of the reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a clinical pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse" [2], while the WHO's epidemiologic definition is "women of reproductive age at risk of becoming pregnant who report unsuccessfully trying for a pregnancy for more than two years" [3]. Clinical definitions are designed for early detection and treatment of infertility [2]–[4]. A progressive decline in fecundity occurs in both males and females with advancing age. Generally, male factors contribute to one-third of infertility cases, the other one-third occurs due to female reproductive deficiencies, while in remaining cases, both male and female causes equally contribute towards infertility. In some cases, infertility is iatrogenic in nature as both male and female profile comes out to be normal and termed as unexplained infertility.

To attain sustainable economic growth stability in prices is considered as the key instrument. The SBP is considering interest rate targeting as most suitable strategy to control price instability in Pakistan. Present research will make analysis of interest rate targeting in the country. The study empirically investigates long and short run impact of interest rate targeting on inflation. Estimated outcomes of present research indicate the significance of interest rate targeting for the country. Inflation rate is considered as dependent variable. Main proposed variable to influence inflation is interest rate. The controlled variable of present research is real GDP growth. Annual data covering the period from 1980-2019 has been used. The techniques of Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model and pair wise causality approach to assess the nature of causation among variables have been used. The results of the study propose that interest rate is best instrument to achieve target of less volatile prices in economy.