The rate at which nosocomial infections have spread throughout the globe has been alarming. Therefore, the data presented here sheds light on some aspects of AgNPs as promising anti-infective therapy. However, knowledge on the safe usage of AgNPs in the field of medicine is necessary to investigate. AgNPs synthesis, optimization, characterization, and mode of action against Enterococcus faecalis have been studied in this paper. We propose a combination of cell-free supernatant (C-FS) of the intimate organisms; Fusarium solani and Comamonas aquatica as synthesis catalysts. The optimization findings were at pH 9.0 for 72 h in 1 mM AgNO3 using 1:2 v/v (C-FS : AgNO3). UV-vis absorption peak appeared at 425 nm and the crystalline nature of synthesized particles was verified by XRD. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of protein molecules that acted as reducing and stabilizing agents. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis exhibited an intense peak at 3 KeV, confirming the formation of AgNPs. Further, FE-SEM images prove AgNPs synthesis. TEM and AFM analysis demonstrated that fabricated AgNPs were relatively monodispersed, approximately spherical, and of size 2-7.5 nm. The growth and biofilm of nosocomial E. faecalis were significantly decreased by the action of AgNPs. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance genes, blaTEM, and blaCTX, were detected in E. faecalis; both genes were degraded enormously via 9 % AgNPs. This is the first study proposing alternative sources to form AgNPs via synergistic metabolites of F. solani and C. aquatica. The results here offer a foundation for developing an effective therapy using AgNPs against nosocomial pathogens.

The current study involves silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles produced by a combination of cell-free supernatant (C-FS) of the intimate organisms, Fusarium solani and Comamonas aquatica as synthesis catalysts against Gram-negative and positive human pathogens. The detailed characterization of the Ag NPs was carried out using UV-visible spectroscopy, field emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). From the UV-visible spectroscopy, the absorption peak was found at 442 nm, and FE-SEM images confirmed the formation of AgNPs. Further, TEM and AFM analysis demonstrated that fabricated AgNPs were relatively monodispersed, approximately spherical, and of the size between 2.0 - 7.5 nm. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of AgNPs was determined by the agar well diffusion method, and results showed that AgNPs exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative (E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica) and Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus). Finally, The MIC test was performed to test the inhibitory concentration of AgNO3 against the bacteria under investigation. This is the first study proposing alternative sources to form AgNPs via synergistic metabolites of F. solani and C. aquatica. The results here offer a foundation for developing an effective therapy using AgNPs against various microorganisms which can endanger human beings.

  Coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) have been recorded as a conveying vector for virulence genes and have been implicated in some cases of food poisoning. Research interest in CNS has increased over the past decade following their implication in infections in animals and humans. This study was aimed to detect CNS isolated from 150 dairy products (yoghurt, several types of cheese, Lork, and Serezh) in Sulaimani and Halabja governorate. Thirteen isolates out of 150 samples were identified as CNS using the VITEK® 2 system as an identification method. Results revealed that the most common isolates species including Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus sciuri and Staphylococcus xylosus each species have been identified in 3 samples separately (23%), followed by Staphylococcus vitulinus was in 2 samples (15%), Staphylococcus equorum found in 1 sample (8%), and Staphylococcus gallinarum also was in one sample (8%). The isolated CNS did not have enterotoxins type A to E according to RIDASCREEN kit test. Studying the growth limits of S. saprophyticus and S. vitulinus results showed that S. saprophyticus grew better at pH levels (5,6,7) at (25℃,37℃) and low NaCl concentration (5%), while low bacterial activity was observed at pH 4 at all temperatures and NaCl concentrations and also at 4℃ at all pH and NaCl levels. S. vitulinus behaviour was almost the same as S. saprophyticus but, S. vitulinus was able to tolerate different NaCl concentrations and overall had higher bacterial activity in all parameter’s interactions than S. saprophyticus. Investigating the effect of acetic acid and lactic acid on the growth of previous species where studied, S. saprophyticus grew better in different concentrations of L.A but S. vitulinus showed more activity than S. saprophyticus in A.A and the growth of both species inhibited at 0.4% of L.A at the first 24 hours of incubation.

Due to the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes, treatment options of clinical isolates are exceedingly limited. This study was aimed to fabricate, optimize, characterize, and evaluate the action of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against a clinical isolate of Enterococcus faecalis. A combination of cell-free supernatant (C-FS) of the lamentous fungus Fusarium solani and Gram-negative Comamonas aquatica for AgNPs formation was proposed; the antigrowth and antibio lm of AgNPs against E. faecalis harboring bla TEM and bla CTX-M genes were assessed. The ratio of 1:2 v/v (C-FS:AgNO 3 ) at pH 9.0 for 72 h in 1 mM AgNO 3 were the optimal conditions for AgNPs formation. UV-vis absorption peak appeared at 425 nm and the crystalline nature of synthesized particles was veri ed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis con rmed the interaction of protein molecules with the AgNPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis demonstrated that fabricated AgNPs were relatively monodispersed, approximately spherical, and of size 2-7.5 nm. bla TEM and bla CTX-M were detected in E. faecalis; the growth and bio lm of E. faecalis were signi cantly decreased by the action of 12.5 µg/mL AgNPs. This is the rst study proposing alternative sources to form AgNPs via synergistic metabolites of F. solani and C. aquatica. The results here offer a foundation for developing an effective therapy using AgNPs against clinical pathogens.