This chapter focuses on the most commonly used questionnaires and pain assessment scales that are used both clinically and in the research setting, and it compares and contrasts their validity and accuracy. Reliable outcome measures are essential to translate the complex perception of pain into measurable data. Several questionnaires and grading scales have been developed, each with their own inherent advantages and disadvantages. In addition to quantitative measures of pain, this chapter explores what other qualitative measures are useful to understand a patient’s perception of pain, their functional ability, and even potential adverse outcomes. Finally, this chapter demonstrates how some of these measures have already been used in the literature specifically in the context of peripheral nerve stimulation of the sacroiliac joint.

Endophthalmitis is a rare but severe vision threatening disease that most often occurs in patients with a recent history of ophthalmic surgery or penetrating trauma to the eye. Often these patients have underlying risk factors or are immunosuppressed. We present a case of endogenous endophthalmitis in an otherwise healthy male after a tooth extraction. This case highlights the importance of early recognition of emergent eye conditions and “red flags” with a thorough history and physical examination.