Occurrence and development of cancer are multifactorial and multistep processes which involve complicated cellular signaling pathways. Mitochondria, as the energy producer in cells, play key roles in tumor cell growth and division. Since mitochondria of tumor cells have a more negative membrane potential than those of normal cells, several fluorescent imaging probes have been developed for mitochondria-targeted imaging and photodynamic therapy. Conventional fluorescent dyes suffer from aggregationcaused quenching effect, while novel aggregation-induced emission (AIE) probes are ideal candidates for biomedical applications due to their large stokes shift, strong photobleaching resistance, and high quantum yield. This review aims to introduce the recent advances in the design and application of mitochondria-targeted AIE probes. The comprehensive review focuses on the structure-property relationship of these imaging probes, expecting to inspire the development of more practical and versatile AIE fluorogens (AIEgens) as tumor imaging and therapy agents for preclinical and clinical use.

In order to accommodate the growing demand for positron emission tomography (PET), it will be necessary to create innovative radiochemical and engineering technologies to optimize the manufacture and development of PET probes. Microfluidic devices allow radiosynthesis to be performed in microscale amounts, significantly impacting PET tracer production. Compared to traditional methods, microfluidic devices can produce PET tracers in a shorter time, higher yields, with lower reagent consumption, higher molar activity, and faster purification. This review examines microfluidic devices from an engineering perspective. Recently developed microfluidic radiosynthesis devices are classified into three categories according to their reaction volume: continuous-flow, batch-flow, and droplet-based microreactors. The principles of device architecture, radiosynthesis process, and the relative strengths and limitations of each category are emphasized by citing typical examples. Finally, the possible future applications of this technology are outlined. A flexible, miniature, fully automated radiochemical microfluidic platform will offer more straightforward and cheaper molecular imaging procedures and the potential for precision medicine that could allow operators to create customized tracers for individual patient doses.