This research deals with the Preparation of pure and   lithium doped CdS Thin Films by chemical bath deposition method , thickness (450±20)nm and the Preparation temperature (75ᵒC) . The results of XRD showed that the films had a polycrystalline hexagonal structure . The preferred orientation was along (002) plane. The average crystallite size Increasing with increasing The doping  . The results of the ( AFM ) showed that the roughness and (RMS)  value were increased with doping . Results (SEM) showed that the films  were uniformly distributed and homogenous . The optical properties were studied by recording the Absorption and Transmittance spectra of the wavelength range from (300-1100)nm, It was found that Absorption increased and  Transmittance decreased with increasing  doping  . It was also found that the Absorption Coefficient increased with increasing  doping  , Optical Energy Gap found  decreased with increasing doping from (2.72 – 2.89 )eV.

In this research, Co3O4:Ni thin films have been prepared by a chemical spray pyrolysis method (CSPM). The synthesized samples, structure and morphology of creating Co3O4:Ni thin films were characterized by X-ray diffractions (XRD), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The impacted of Ni concentration were changed from 0 to 4 % by XRD results cause increasing the crystallite size, while the Microstrain and the dislocation density are decreasing. Furthermore, the AFM imaging shows of Co3O4:Nithin films involving a classic amorphous polymer-metal complex synthetic route where Co3O4 films are uniformly embedded with 3D nanoparticles Ni skeleton. The optical properties approve that the energy gap increased from 2 eV to 2.5 eV at 4% Ni doping.

Nanostructured Tin oxide and Indium (In) doped SnO2 were prepared by low cost and easy to manufacture method, which is a spray pyrolysis technique (SPT). Film transmittance was noticed to decrease from 67% to 56% (at 800 nm) on doping. XRD patterns revealed that tin oxide and 1% or 3% In:SnO2 thin films are polycrystalline and preferred orientation is 113. AFM micrographs prove that the spherical shape grains are uniformly distributed with average grain size of about 88 nm and root-mean-square (rms) roughness was about 3.5 nm. It can be concluded that the deposited samples are good candidates for use in solar cells applications.

This research included the preparation of (ZnO) thin films by CBD technique for the deposition of chemical bath thickness (150 ± 20nm). X-ray diffraction was analyzed and showed that the films crystallize in a polycrystalline hexagonal structure, with a preferred direction along the level (100). Increased volume of calculated crystals for deposited films was found by increasing molar concentration. The surface morphology of films was studied by SEM, and the surface morphology of ZnO films is a heterogeneous distribution. The optical properties of all deposited ZnO films contained a spectral permeability and absorption spectrum in the wavelength range (300-1100nm), and the transmittance decreased with increasing molar concentration, it was found that the value of the light energy gap (Eg) increases with increasing molecular concentration band gap between 3.1 and 3.2 eV.

The optical properties of pure (CdO) films have been studied through the measuring of the absorbance spectrum and transmittance spectrum using (UV-VIS) spectrometer within the range of wavelengths (310-1100) nm, and the results showed that the electronic transitions of pure (CdO) films prepared have allowed direct transition type, and the optical energy gap type was identified and was direct energy gap and it was found that the value of the energy gap decreases when the deposition time increases by using (Nd:YAG) laser, and it was also found that the energy gap decreases by the increase of the exposure time to non-thermal plasma. It was observed that the increase of laser deposition time leads to the decrease of the absorbance before the exposure to non-thermal plasma, but the absorbance increases by the increase of the exposure to non-thermal plasma. Absorption Coefficient was also calculated and its value was higher than (α > 104 cm-1) in the high absorption region.