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Background: Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppression agent used frequently in fields of organs transplantation and autoimmune diseases. However, CsA-induced kidney injury is a major clinical problem associated with CsA therapy in which the conceivable accountable mechanism is oxidative stress (OS). The present study evaluated the protective and ameliorated effects of fucoidan (FU) as an antioxidant and an anti-inflammatory agent against CsA-induced kidney injury. Methods: Male rats were randomly divided into three groups. The first group was served as a control group that administered olive oil orally and normal saline subcutaneously, the second group (CA) was treated with CsA orally, and the third group (CA + FU) was treated with CsA orally in concomitant with FU subcutaneously. Experimental animals were sacrificed 20 days following the treatment period and serum samples were analyzed for creatinine test. The homogenate of renal tissues was prepared for OS assessment. Light and ultrastructure microscopic kidney sections were prepared for histopathological examination. Results: Treatment of rats with CsA alone produced a significant increase in the levels of creatinine, nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), whereas the level of glutathione reduced (GSH) was decreased. Some histopathological changes of the kidney tissue including tubular epithelial hypertrophy, vacuolizations, necrotic glomerulus cell, capillaries network shrinking, vascular congestion, interstitial infiltration, loss of apical microvilli, and deteriorated mitochondria were observed in CA group. Concomitant FU administration with CsA enhanced renal function, as indicated by the low level of creatinine. Moreover, FU ameliorated the oxidative status in kidney tissue as well as it provided histological protection against CsA-induced kidney injury. Conclusion: FU can develop a protective mechanism against kidney injury induced by CsA that mediated by OS.

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Cissus rotandifolia (CR) is a medicinal plant widely used in the southern region of Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antiurolithiasis effect of CR and its mechanism. Thirty rats divided into five groups: Group A (negative control), Group B were treated with EG and ammonium chloride (AC) and served as positive group. Group C and D served as treated groups and treated as B group with 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg of CR respectively for 28 days and group E fed as group B for 28 days and then treated for28 days by 1000 mg CR extract and served as curative group. Another 10 rats divided into two groups: group F took normal diet and served as negative control group and group G took normal diet with 500 mg/kg of CR to investigate the mechanism of CR as antiurolithiatic substance.At the end of the experiment blood samples were collected from rats. Kidney rats were removed to histopathological examined.We found a significant decrease in serum urea, creatinine, and MDA of CR groups. Also the kidneys of CR treated group appeared mostly to be calculi-free compared to positive control. A significant increase in water intake, urine volume, urinary magnesium, citrate and urinary pH of CR treated rats when compared to negative control. These results proved the antibacterial activity of CR The present study emphasized the safe herbal remedies of CR as antioxidants, antibacterial, nephroprotective as well as its antiurolithiatic role. We recommended to use it in pharmaceutical forms as it is safe and effective as antiurolithiasis is remedy.