Purpose -The purpose of this paper is to investigate the incidence and earning effects of the vertical mismatch between attained and required educational qualifications in a developing country's labor market. Design/methodology/approach -Following Duncan and Hoffman (1981), this paper uses the augmented Mincerian wage equation to decompose the actual years of education of a person into years of over-education, years of required education and years of under-education. These years of education are then fitted in an ordinary least squares model to measure the earning effects of an employee when his/her attained educational qualifications are higher or lower than the required educational level in his/her job. Findings -Unlike studies in developed countries, this paper finds that Vietnam has a higher incidence of under-education than over-education due to a large proportion of the population in rural and remote areas not having access to formal education. Further, qualification mismatch has an asymmetric effect on earnings in the sense that the wage rate is flexible downward but rigid upward. In particular, years of schooling that are in excess or in deficit of the required level for the job are not compensated with higher earnings. This paper concludes that although qualification mismatch incidence in Vietnam is different from that in developed countries, mismatched workers also suffer from significant wage penalty. Originality/value -This paper makes a significant contribution by providing the first evidence from a developing country to the vertical mismatch literature which has already been overwhelmed with studies from advanced economies.

Nghiên cứu nhằm khám phá các nhân tố tác động đến việc thu hút vốn đầu tư vào tỉnh Quảng Trị, bằng việc khảo sát 109 nhà đầu tư hiện hữu và nhà đầu tư dự định đầu tư vào tỉnh. Thang đo điều chỉnh từ thang đo đầu tư của Nguyễn Mạnh Toàn [11], cùng với phương pháp phân tích độ tin cậy Cronbach's Alpha, phân tích nhân tố khám phá (EFA). Kết quả cho thấy có 9 nhóm nhân tố tác động đến việc thu hút vốn đầu tư vào tỉnh Quảng Trị, trong đó 5 nhân tố được đánh giá trên mức trung bình: (1) quá trình ra quyết định liên quan đến thủ tục đầu tư, (2) chính sách hỗ trợ từ cơ quan quản lý liên quan đến nhà đầu tư, (3) cơ sở hạ tầng kỹ thuật, (4) tài nguyên, (5) cơ sở hạ tầng khu công nghiệp, khu kinh tế, và 4 nhân tố được đánh giá dưới mức trung bình: (6) cơ sở hạ tầng xã hội, (7) tiềm năng thị trường, (8) lợi thế chi phí, (9) năng suất và tính kỷ luật lao động.

This research focuses on the determinants of Vietnam’s outward FDI by studying simultaneously the influence of two pull factors and push factors. In addition, the work examines the differences in assessing the impact of two factors groups on investment decisions by market entry method. The authors conduct qualitative research interviewing six experts as the managers have an important role in the decision to invest directly abroad for their business and quantitative research by multiple regression methods studying samples consisting of 248 enterprises. Push factors group from Vietnam includes competitive pressure of Vietnam market, monetary policy, interest rates of Vietnam, regulations and procedures for licensing investment abroad of Vietnam, incentive policy, and investment incentives to overseas. Pull factors group from host country includes culture–geography, macroeconomics and market, infrastructure, regulations and policies related to investment. Through two groups of factors, the authors withdraw into four groups that impact the Vietnam’s FDI abroad including: (i) culture–geography, (ii) infrastructure; (iii) the macro-economic and market; and (iv) regulations and policies related to investment. The results indicate that two groups of factors, both pull factors and push factors, have impact on Vietnam’s FDI abroad.

As the ASEAN consumers are increasingly moving online, the number of internet users according to UBS increase to 32% across the region and 112% penetrated by mobile technology. More than 50% of ASEAN users are participating to online social network (OSN). This research is to investigate the awareness and influence of security and privacy issues on internets users' trust, and building a safer OSN landscape in South East Asian region by examining the relationships among online privacy concerns, security, trust, and intention. Using structural equation modelling, the findings shows that 'privacy' correlates with 'security' but these two variables do not have significant impact on users' trust. Moreover, only 'trust' and 'security' affect users' intention to use OSN.

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