The United States has taken multiple measures to contain the spread of COVID-19, including the implementation of lockdown orders and social distancing practices. Evaluating social distancing is critical since it reflects the frequency of close human interactions. While questionnaire surveys or mobility data-based systems have provided valuable insights, social media data can contribute as an additional instrument to help monitor the risk of human interactions during the pandemic. For this reason, this study introduced a social media-based approach that quantifies the pro/anti-lockdown ratio as an indicator of the risk of human interactions. With the aid of natural language processing and machine learning techniques, this study classified the lockdown-related tweets and quantified the pro/anti-lockdown ratio for each state over time. The anti-lockdown ratio showed a moderate and negative correlation with the state-level social distancing index on a weekly basis, suggesting that people are more likely to travel out of the state where the higher anti-lockdown level is observed. The study further showed that the perception expressed on social media could reflect people’s behaviors. The findings of the study are of significance for government agencies to assess the risk of close human interactions and to evaluate their policy effectiveness in the context of social distancing and lockdown.

Conflict patterns in Korean society have changed from regional conflicts to generational conflicts and even gender conflicts. Among them, this paper tried to pay attention to gender conflict as a representative phenomenon leading to 'emotional conflict', and to observe the exercise, resistance, and reconstruction of ideology-instrumental violence in the process.The 20th presidential election in 2022 was an example of a new change in the topography of conflict in Korean society, and I executed a netography analysis focusing on the “Discourse on Abolition of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family,” which triggered gender conflict. Theqoo, a representative online community for young women was participated and observed for 8 months and analyzed through Victor Turner's social drama model.As a result, starting with the pledge to abolish the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, social dramas in the online community showed a four-step structure of Breach-Crisis-Redress-Reintegration or Schism over time. Among them, internal members appeared to express political opinions through fandom strategies that can reconstruct their identity, share a sense of homogeneity, and reveal their identity through the Liminality and Communitas processes.

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