The current state of security and availability of the Internet is far from being commensurate with its importance. The number and strength of DDoS attacks conducted at the network layer have been steadily increasing. However, the single path (SP) routing used in today’s Internet lacks a mitigation scheme to rapidly recover from network attacks or link failure. In case of a link failure occurs, it can take several minutes until failover. In contrast, multi-path routing can take advantage of multiple alternative paths and rapidly switch to another working path. According to the level of available path control, we classfy the multi-path routing into two types, first-hop multi-path (FMP) and multi-hop multi-path (MMP) routing. Although FMP routing supported by networks, such as SD-WAN, shows marginal improvements over the current SP routing of the Internet, MMP routing supported by a global Internet architecture provides strong improvement under network attacks and link failure. MMP routing enables changing to alternate paths to mitigate the network problem in other hops, which cannot be controlled by FMP routing. To show this comparison with practical outcome, we evaluate network performance in terms of latency and loss rate to show that MMP routing can mitigate Internet hazards and provide high availability on global networks by 18 participating ASes in six countries. Our evaluation of global networks shows that, if network attacks or failures occur in other autonomous systems (ASes) that FMP routing cannot avoid, it is feasible to deal with such problems by switching to alternative paths by using MMP routing. When the global evaluation is under a transit-link DDoS attack, the loss rates of FMP that pass the transit-link are affected significantly by a transit-link DDoS attack, but the other alternative MMP paths show stable status under the DDoS attack with proper operation.

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IP spoofing is attractive to amplify network attacks and to provide anonymity. Many approaches have to prevent IP spoofing attacks; however, they do not address a significant deployment issue: filtering inefficiency caused by lack of incentives for early adopters. Practically, no mechanism has been widely deployed and none successfully blocks IP spoofing attacks. We propose a universal anti-spoofing (UAS) mechanism that incorporates existing mechanisms to thwart IP spoofing attacks. In the proposed mechanism, intermediate routers utilize any existing anti-spoofing mechanism that ascertains whether a packet is spoofed or not, and inscribes this information in the packet header. The edge routers at a victim network can estimate the forgery of a packet based on the information sent by the upstream routers. The results of experiments conducted with Internet topologies indicate that UAS reduces false alarms up to 84.5% compared to cases where each mechanism operates separately. Our evaluation shows that incorporating multiple anti-spoofing mechanisms reduces false alarms significantly.