This work shares the observations of stuck bits by proton beam in DDR3 components in 3x-nm technologies. The DDR3 SDRAMs from four major DRAM manufacturers were tested with a 45-MeV proton beam at an operating frequency of 800 MHz. The beam exposure resulted in single bit upset (SBU) and multiple bit upsets (MBUs), as well as single and multiple stuck bits in a word due to micro-dose and displacement damage effects. The number of stuck bits reduced as the refresh interval duration was decreased. Moreover, for the tested samples, the stuck bits were recovered completely and could be run in the normal operation mode after annealing at . The occurrence of multiple stuck bits in a word was likely due to damages to the control logic and those stuck bits were recovered as well after annealing at .Index Terms-DDR3, displacement damage effect, DRAM cell retention time, DRAMs, proton beams, SDRAM, stuck bits, TID effect.

Purpose: To implement a dose calculation system that accurately predicts the dose delivered by Siemens Primus 6 MV linear accelerator and to check the IMRT treatment planning system calculation with an independent calculation system. Method and Materials: The BEAMnrc and the PMCEPT Monte Carlo code were used to simulate Siemens Primus 6 MV photon beams. The BEAMnrc was used to generate phase space (phsp) files at 100 cm source‐to‐surface distance for several beams, defined by the jaw and MLCs. Symmetric square beams ranging from 1 × 1 to 20 × 20 cm2 were calculated to simulate pyramid density shape. The left hand side non symmetric rectangular beams of 3 × 15, 4.5 × 15, and 6 × 15 cm2 and the right hand side non symmetric rectangular beams of 6 × 15, 4.5 ×15, and 3 × 15 cm2 were calculated to simulate inverse‐pyramid density shape. The PHSP files were subsequently used as the input files for the PMCEPT code. The commissioning was verified against EBT film, ion chamber, diode detector measurements for a solid water phantom. Results: A solid water phantom of 30 × 30 × 30 cm3 with cell size of 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.2 cm3 was used for the PMCEPT simulations. For each beam, the MC calculated central axis depth dose and lateral profiles were compared with those of experiments. The agreement between calculated and measured dose distributions was within 2%. For both pyramid and inverse‐pyramid density shapes, superposed‐lateral profiles show agreement better than 2%, even in the region of penumbra where gradient varies sharply. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the PMCEPT code can be used to calculate IMRT dose distributions as well as to calibrate detectors with great accuracy. Moreover, it can be used as a double check system for IMRT QA and treatment planning.