Transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L. ‘Dongjin’) lines, AP37 and MX, overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana and Myxococcus xanthus protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO), respectively, were examined for their physiological responses and tolerance mechanism to drought stress. AP37 and MX lines were previously confirmed to be resistant to PPO inhibitors. Transgenic AP37 and MX plants showed significantly improved drought tolerance, as indicated by higher water content, lower leaf injury, less oxidative damage, and more favorable redox balance compared to wild‐type (WT) plants. The magnesium‐protoporphyrin IX (Mg‐Proto IX) content of WT and the transgenic lines did not vary significantly with the drought treatments, but MX lines had higher Mg‐Proto IX methyl ester (ME) content after 90 h of drought treatment compared to WT and AP37. In addition, the expression of most genes involved in porphyrin biosynthesis, particularly in the chlorophyll branch, such as glutamyl‐tRNA reductase, glutamate‐1‐semialdehyde aminotransferase, protoporphyrinogen oxidase 1, Fe‐chelatase2, H‐subunit of Mg‐chelatase, and I‐subunit of Mg‐chelatase, was up‐regulated in the transgenic plants, and this up‐regulation was higher in AP37 than in MX. Overall, the AP37 transgenic line was found to show better drought tolerance than the MX transgenic line.

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The shells of crab, shrimp, beetles, etc., could be decomposed by chitinase to chitin, calcium, and protein, respectively. We incubated the mixture solution of 1.5 kg crab shell, 1.5 kg multinutrient, 2 kg compost with microorganisms to decompose the chitin substance, 3 kg sugar, and 700 L water at room temperature for 7 days. During the incubation, aeration with an air pump was essential. We sprayed the chitin-incubated solution (CIS) after filtering to `Niitaka' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) trees at 15-day intervals from May to Sept. 2004. Leaf area, leaf thickness, leaf specific weight, and chlorophyll contents were increased by the treatment with CIS. In fruit characteristics, fruit weight, soluble solids, fruit firmness, and Hunter values “a” and “b”were increased by the CIS treatment. Flesh browning after peeling the fruit was delayed by the CIS treatment, and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activities were lowered.

The purpose of this study was to look into the influence of the junior florist training course on self-esteem of children in low-income families at the community child care center. Accordingly, the program was carried out by dividing 46 children into two groups from June 2 to August 30, 2017. The program was designed into 12 sessions of floral arrangement classes, followed by the certification test. For the program, this study set 11 flower forms focusing on line, surface, and mass arrangements as the basic forms of the western flower arrangements. For the certification test, this study had the participants take the junior florist course implemented by the Korea Ggotggozi Daegyeong Association. Seventy four percent of the total participants in this program acquired a Junior Florist Certificate. As a result, self-esteem of the experimental group significantly improved (p=.000). By items of self-esteem, the experimental group showed significant changes in social self-esteem (p=.002), familial self-esteem (p=.016), and academic self-esteem (p=.031). General self-esteem did not show a statistically significant difference, but there was an improvement by 1.9%, and this study found that there was a 5.4% change on average in social, familial, and academic self-esteem. By gender, it was found that both male (p=.003), and female participants (p=.013) showed a significant change. By grade, there were significant changes in both the lower grades (p=.014), and higher grades (p=.003).

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